2010年09月 28-7 國中導師對經常違規學生自我認同影響之研究

李逢堅
東吳大學師資培育中心

國中生處於青少年初期,此階段正是個人發展獨特自我認同的開始。由於自我認同具有社會屬性,違規學生時常遭遇導師的管教,導師又是學生在學校互動密切且擁有絕對權力的管教者。因此,本研究目的即在探討導師管教對經常違規國中生自我認同形成的影響,及此影響下所形成的自我認同特徵。本研究專注於學生角色經驗,研究情境設定在師生因為管教產生衝突的社會脈絡。探究一再違規的行為如何藉由導師的管教行動歷程,促成學生自我認同的型塑。研究對象選擇經常違規的國中學生14人及導師17人,大致呈現成對的導生關係。這些學生行為常與規範相衝突,甚至與導師發生衝突。本研究採用半結構式個別深度訪談,以紮根理論進行資料分析。研究發現,學生從導師持續管教中,以違規行為為基礎,先接受導師的管教標準,評估所意識到自己的行為,形成自己的認同標準,而認定自己為壞學生。此歷程即為本研究發現的「管教的凸透鏡成像效果」。學生從不斷重複的管教經驗中所型塑的「承諾貶抑」自我認同,學生雖貶抑自己的表現,卻接受這些負向行為,也將持續展現這些違規行為。研究最後提出對導師管教的建議。

關鍵字
自我認同、國中生、管教、導師

參考書目

王煥琛、柯華葳(1999)。青少年心理學。台北:心理。
李建立(2000)。西方社會學名著提要。台北:昭名。
周雅容(1996)。象徵互動論與語言的社會意涵。載於胡幼慧編,質性研究:
理論、方法及本土女性研究實例(頁 75-98)。台北:巨流。
徐光國(2003)。社會心理學。台北:五南。
黃德祥(2001)。青少年發展與輔導。台北:五南。
嚴祥鸞(1996)。參與觀察法。載於胡又慧編,質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例(頁 195-221)。台北:巨流。
Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 429-442.
Archer, J. L., & Waterman, A. S. (1993). Identity Status Interview: Early and middle Adolescent Form. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 285-302). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Baumeister, R. F., & Muraven, M. (1996). Identity as adaptation to social, cultural, and historical context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 405-416.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1992). A process perspectives on identity and stress management. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta & R. Montemayor (Eds.),Adolescent identity formation (pp. 193-215). Newbury Park, CA: Sage .
Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity processing style, self construction, and personal epistemic assumptions: A social-cognitive perspective. In W. Koops & H. A. Bosma (Eds.), Social cognition in adolescence: Its developmental significance (pp. 303-315). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Blasi, A. (1988). Identity and the development of the self. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 226-242). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 836-849.
Burke, P. J. (2004). Identities and social structure: The 2003 Cooley-Mead Award Address. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(1), 5-15.
Burke, P. J. (2006). Identity change. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(1), 81-96. Burke, P. J. (n.d.). Identity Control Theory. Retrieved October 4, 2007, from
http://wat2146.ucr.edu/Papers/05d.pdf.
Burke, P. J., & Reitzes, D. C. (1991). An identity theory approach to commitment. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54(3), 239-251.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
Gecas, V., & Burke, P. J. (1995). Self and identity. In K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine & J. S. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology(pp. 41-67). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Goossens, L., & Phinney, J. S. (1996). Commentary identity, context, and development. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 491-496.
Kerpelman, J. L., & Pittman, J. F. (2001). The instability of possible selves: Identity processes within late adolescents' close peer relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 24(4), 491-512.
Kerpelman, J. L., Pittman, J. F., & Lamke, L. K. (1997). Toward a microprocess perspective on adolescent identity development: An identity control theory approach. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 325-346.
Kroger, J. (1996). Identity in adolescence: The balance between self and other. London: Routledge.
Kroger, J. (2000). Identity development: Adolescent through adulthood. London: Sage.
Marcia, J. E. (1964). Determination and construct validity of ego identity status. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187). New York: Wiley.
Marcia, J. E. (1993a). The ego identity status approach to ego identity. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 3-21). New York: Springer-V erlag.
Marcia, J. E. (1993b). The status of the statuses research review. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 22-41). New York: Springer-V erlag.
Marcia, J. E. (2001). A commentary on Seth Schwartz’s review of identity theory and research. An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1(1), 59-65.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994/ 2005). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book. 張芬芬譯(2005)。質性研究資料分析。台北:雙葉。
Oyserman, D. (2004). Self concept and identity. In M. Brewer & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Self and social identity (pp. 5-24). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Patton, M. Q. (2001/ 2008). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 吳芝儀、 李奉儒譯(2008)。質性研究與評鑑(上)。台北:濤石。
Rice, F. P., & Dolgin, K. G. (2002/ 2006). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. 黃俊豪、連廷嘉譯(2006)。青少年心理學。台北:學富。
Robinson, D. T. (2007). Control Theories in Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 157-174.
Schachter, E. P. (2002). Identity constraints: The perceived structural requirements of a 'good' identity. Human Development, 45(6), 416-433.
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2005). Identity verification, control, and aggression in marriage. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 160-178.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA:Sage. 吳芝儀、廖梅 花譯(2001)。紮根理論研究方法。台北:濤石。
Tsushima, T., & Burke, P. J. (1999). Levels, agency, and control in the parent identity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62, 173-189.
Waterman, A. S. (1992). Identity as an aspect of optimal psychological fuctioning. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation (pp. 50-72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

全文下載
全文下載