2005年03月 17-7 深思個人中心學派之人性觀與治療者態度兼論其與禪宗、老莊義理之映照

王純娟
慈濟大學人類發展學系

個人中心學派的創始者C. R. Rogers(1902-1987)在1950年代發展其理論,約於同時,他也知覺到自己身為研究者與治療者的兩難(O’Hara, 1995),亦是自己的客觀性與主觀性的掙扎。逐漸地,Rogers放棄了實證主義架構,改採個體經驗的報告,而且其於晚年時的遣辭用句更加地具靈性與直覺(Raskin & Rogers, 1995),故而本文以個人中心學派-以其人性觀與治療者三態度(一致、無條件正向關懷、同理)為主軸,深入探索這些觀念之轉變。同時,本文亦論述個人中心學派與中國文化中之道家與佛教禪宗義理可相互印證之處。
經過深入探討個人中心學派之文獻,它所主張的實現傾向是就本質而論的,且具普遍性,另外,實現傾向可能受阻,卻不會消失。就治療者態度而言,Rogers所闡述的「一致」多了一個「透明」的特徵,他發現一致的態度可獲致與案主在「內在不知名的角落」接觸的境界。「無條件正向關懷」與個體平時不斷的自我檢視有關,而對「同理」,Rogers 發展出「超越實體的經
驗」的概念,治療者得以全然進入案主的經驗。
個人中心學派的人性觀與治療者三態度確實與道家、佛教禪宗義理有共同點。實現傾向與禪宗的本心、自性、佛性或可相提並論;一致與禪宗的「明心見性」、無條件正向關懷與禪宗的向內觀照、不思善惡、頓悟,和道家的心齋、坐忘的概念相仿,最後,同理就像道家所言之融於客體、通人我、忘坐等概念。個人中心學派與道家、佛教禪宗義理的映照實為初探,需要更多後
續研究的探討。

關鍵字
治療者態度、個人中心學派、佛教禪宗、道家、實現傾向

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