2007年03月 21-6 為什麼受督導者隱而不說?

許韶玲
國立交通大學教育研究所暨諮商中心

本研究旨在探究受督導者於督導過程中保留或隱藏訊息的原因、及其願意將這些訊息於督導過程中揭露出來的情境或條件,同時分析保留訊息的類型不同,背後隱藏的原因與願意揭露條件的差異情形。六位碩士層級實習諮商師各接受四至六次督導,每次督導結束隨即接受督導歷程回溯訪談。研究結果發現:受督導者保留訊息背後原因反映的是(1)督導時間架構下訊息之間的競爭與取捨( 2 )受督導者對督導架構與關係的認定或缺乏暸解,以及 (3)權力差異下,下對上的川員從底鐘。其中又以符應順從底蘊為最重要﹔ 此外,受督導者願意揭露隱藏訊息的情境或條件則以(1)對受督導者的負向影響變大、( 2 )督導者主動提及、以及( 3 )督導者或督導關係改變為最普遍。而「督導者主動提及」則是不同類型隱而未說,受督導者願意揭露的最普通條件。最後,在比對分析不同隱而未說類型, 隱藏訊息背後的原因與願意揭露的條件之差異情形時發現,不同組型的確存在。其中,開展於督導歷程且與專業學習有關的隱而未說,隱藏訊息的共同因素是「擔心傷害督導者或破壞督導關係」。願意揭露的情境或條件亦完全相同, 包括:「對受督導者的負向影響變大」、「督導者主動提及」、以及「督導者或督導關係改變」。

關鍵字
受督導者、督導、隱而未說

參考書目

王文秀(1998)。諮商師被督導經驗對其諮商挫折之因應及其專業成長之影響研究。中華輔導學報,6,1-34。
文崇一 (1988)。從價值取向談中國國民性。載於李亦園、楊國樞(主編),中國人的性格(49-89頁)。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
許韶玲(1999)。受督導者督導前準備訓練方案的擬定及其實施對諮商督導過程的影響之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系博士論文,未出版,彰化。
許韶玲(2003a)。督導者知覺受督導者影響諮商督導過程之因素。應用心理研究,18,113-144。
許韶玲(2003b)。督導關係中的權力議題。應用心理研究,19,26-27。
許韶玲(2004a)。受督導者對諮商督導過程的影響因素一從受督導者的知覺檢視。諮商輔導學報,10,31-50。
許韶玲(2004b)。受督導者於督導過程中的隱而未說現象之探究。教育心理學報,36 (2),109-125。
許韶玲(2005)。諮商新手在督導過程隱藏未揭露的訊息。輔導季刊,41 (3),31-38。
許韶玲、陳靜儀(2002)。諮商員於督導過程中隱而未說的內涵及其對督導過程的影響。載於2002諮商心理與輔導專業學術研討會。台灣 :台北。
Alonso, A., & Rutan, J. S. (1988). Shame and guilt in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy, 25, 576-581.
Bahrick, A. S., Russell, R. K., & Salmi, S. W. (1991). The effects of role induction on trainees,perceptions of supervision. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 434-438.
Bauman, W. F. (1972). Games counselor trainees play: Dealing with trainee resistance. Counselor Education and Supervision, 11, 251-256.
Berger, S. S., & Buchholz,E S. (1993). On becoming a supervisee: Preparation for learning in a supervisory relationship. Psychotherapy, 30, 86-92.
Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2004). Fundamentals of clinical supervision. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Callis, M. (l 997). Frequency o f trainees,nondisclosures to their supervisors as affected by relationship quality and trainee reactance . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, California.
Costa, L. (1994). Reducing anxiety in live supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 30-40.
Dodge, J. (1982). Reducing supervisee anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Counselor Education and Supervision, 22, 55-60.
Hawkins, P., & Shohet, R. (2000). Superνision in the he伊ing professions: An individual, group and organizational approach. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Holloway, E. L., & Neufeldt,S. A. (1995). Supervision: Its contributions to treatment efficacy. Journal o f Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 207-213 .
Kennard, B. D., Stewart, S. M., & Gluck, M. R. (1987). The supervision relationship: Variables contributing to positive versus negative experiences. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 18, 172-175 .
Ladany, N. (2004). Psychotherapy supervision: What lies beneath. Psychotherapy Research, 14, 1-l9.
Ladany, N., Ellis, M . V,& Friedlander, M. L. (1999). The supervisory working alliance, trainee self-efficacy, and satisfaction with supervision. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 447-455.
Ladany, N., & Freidlander, M. L. (l995). The relationship between the supervisory working alliance and trainees,experience of role conflict and role ambiguity. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 220-231 .
Ladany, N., Hill, C. E., Corbett, M. M., & Nutt, E. A. (1996). Nature, extent, and importance of what psychotherapy trainees do not disclosure to their supervisors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43,12-24.
Liddle, B. J. (1986). Resistance in supervision: A response to perceived threat. Counselor Education and Supervision, 26, 117-127.
Loganbill, C., Hardy, E., & Delworth, U. (1982). Supervision: A concep仙al model. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 3-42.
Moskowitz,S., & Rupert, P. (1983). Conflict resolution with the supervisory relationship. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14, 632-641.
Nelson, M. L., & Friedlander, M. L. (2001). A close look at conflictual supervisory relationships: The trainee,s perspective. Journal o f Counseling Psychology, 48, 384-395 .
Olk, M. E., & Friedlander M. L. (1992). Trainees,experiences of role conflict and role ambiguity in supervisory relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 389-397.
Ramos-S,anchez, L., Esnil, E., Goodwin, A., Riggs,S,Touster, L. 0., Wright, L. K., et al. (2002) . Negative supervisory events: Effects on supervision satisfaction and supervisory alliance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 197-202. 
Rodenhauser, P., Rudisill, J. R., & Painter, A. F. (1989). Attributes conducive to learning in psychotherapy supervision. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43, 368-377.
Rubin, S. S. (1989). At the border of supervision: Critical moments in psychotherapists’ development. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43, 387-397.
Schauer, A. H,Seymour, W. R., & Geen, U. G. (1985). Effects of observation and evaluation on anxiety in beginning counselors: A social facilitation analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 279-285.  
Stoltenberg, C. D., & Delworth, U. (1987). Supervising counselors and therapists: A developmental approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 
Stoltenberg,C., Mcneill,B., & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM supervision: An integrated developmental model of supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 
Strozier, A. L., Barnett-Queen, T., & Bennett, C. K. (2000). Supervision: Critical process and outcome variables. The Clinical Supervisor, 19, 21-39. 
Webb, A., & Wheeler, S. (1998). How honest do counselors dare to be in the supervisory relationship?: An exploratory study. British Journal o f Guidance and Counseling, 26, 509-524. 
Yamartino, K. C. (1998). Left unsaid: Nondisclosure in the supervisory relationship from the supervisee s perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology,Massachusetts. 
Yerushalmi, H. (1992). On the concealment of the interpersonal therapeutic reality in the course of supervision. Psychotherapy, 29, 438-446. 
Yourman, D. B. (2003). Trainee disclosure in psychotherapy supervision: The impact of shame. Journal of Clinical psychology, 59, 601-609. 
Yourman, D. B., & Farber, B. A. (1996). Nondisclosure and distortion in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy, 33, 567-575.

全文下載
全文下載