2017年08月 49-4 系統性樂悲觀之建構及其在身心適應之功能

周芸安 陳坤虎
私立輔仁大學臨床心理系

過去普遍認為樂觀可為個體帶來較佳的身心適應,且亦能採取較主動的因應方式。然而過去學界對於「樂觀有利於個體身心適應」及「悲觀不利於個體身心適應」的觀點仍存有疑慮,例如Schwarzer(1994)認為「防衛性樂觀」可能會為個體帶來身心的損害。Cantor等人(1987)則認為「防衛性悲觀」雖會預期負面的結果,卻會採取行動避免負向結果,是一種可為個體帶來正面效益的悲觀型態。本研究認為,在思考樂觀或悲觀之特性時,不僅需考量正負向預期,亦需考量個體的因應型態為何。據此,本研究旨在以「正、負向預期」和「投入、脫離因應方式」兩向度,將樂觀與悲觀區分為「功能性樂觀」、「失能性樂觀」、「功能性悲觀」和「失能性悲觀」等四種型態,發展出「系統性樂悲觀量表」,並探討其特性及在身心適應中所扮演的功能。本研究以134名大學生為對象,以問卷調查法蒐集資料。研究結果顯示,本研究發展的「系統性樂悲觀量表」具有良好的信、效度,且不同的樂悲觀型態在不同的心理健康或行為指標上,扮演著不同的功能。其中,功能性樂觀最能預測生活滿意度;功能性悲觀最能預測憂鬱與焦慮症狀;失能性樂觀則最能預測拖延習慣。綜合上述,本研究結果有助於釐清了過去學界對於「樂觀有利於個體身心適應」及「悲觀不利於個體身心適應」觀點的疑慮。

關鍵字
心理適應、功能性樂觀、防衛性悲觀、樂觀

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