200603 19-5 The Impact of the Father’s Expatriation to the Family: Studied from the Young Adulthood Student’s Recollected Experience
| Chia-Yu Wu | Su-Miao Tsai |
| National Tsing Hua University | Chung Hua University |
The purpose of this study was to explore the familial impact of the father’s expatriation according to children’s perceptions. The study employed in-depth interviews with qualitative exploratory methods. The major findings from 5 early adulthood students were as follows:
The younger the children were, the stronger the separation anxiety. Children were unable to understand why the father was absent and they were eager for their father’s presence at home. As children growing up gradually, they felt ease but started to worry about the safety of their father. During college stage, the children could adapt themselves well to this kind of separate situation and realize the necessity and positive side-effects of the father’s expatriation.
During the period of father’s expatriation, the relationship between father and children was not as close as this with the mother. Mother became the center of familial emotional connections and the communication channel between father and children. The elder child was much more likely to become parental child, helping their mother in performing household chores, caring for the younger and serving as parental confidant. In addition to the changes of the parent-child system, the marriage system and the overall family system were probably changed as well.
Finally the findings are discussed as well as suggestions for the families of expatriates are made.
Keywords
expatriation, father expatriate, father absence
Reference
王大維(2000)。「父職參與」或「參與親職的父親」。應用心理研究，7，12-18。
王叢桂(2000)。父子關係類型與價值傳承及變遷的關連性分析─以中小企業負責 人及專業工作者子女為對象。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(報告編號:NSC-89-2413-H-031-001)。
田文斌、林月雲(2003)。台灣歷年海派外遣管理研究之分析。人力資源管理學報，3(3)，1-25。 李美枝(1998)。中國人親子關係的內涵與功能:以大學生為例。本土心理學研究，9，3-52。
李淑娟(2004)。父育理論之建構與驗證─父親心理社會發展、父育知覺、父職參與及相關因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭研究所博士論文。
李淑媛(2000)。駐外人員特質與其家庭特質對海外適應之影響。國立交通大學經營管理研究所碩士論文。
吳嘉瑜、蔡素妙(2004)。派外夫妻對偶婚姻適應歷程之分析研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號:NSC93-2413-H-007-005)。
吳慶元(2004)。軍人父職角色主觀經驗之探討。政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。
林明宏(2004)。我國企業人員適應因素及指標建構之研究。長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。
林翠湄、黃建豪等(2002)。發展心理學。台北:學富。
柯里斯、林為正(譯)(1995)。父愛不缺席:心理醫生剖析父親的十二種模式。 台北:智庫出版。
陳麗惠(2002)。大陸台商妻子兩岸婚姻生活經驗之研究。國立新竹師範學院輔導教學碩士論文。
陳彰儀、張裕隆、王榮春、李文銓(2001)。應用傳記是問卷預測協助派大陸員工之派外適應。應用心理研究，10，135-166。
黃志中、董玉娟、林義平(2001)。台商派駐大陸已婚員工離開現職傾向之研究: 工作─家庭衝突理論的觀點。管理評論，20(3)，85-122。
黃慧真(譯)(1989)。發展心理學-人類發展。台北:桂冠。
黃慧森(2002)。高職男生父職角色知覺與認同之研究─以屏東縣市為例。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文。
徐麗賢(2004)。大陸台商父職實踐程度與實踐需求之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文。
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Separation from a parent during childhood and adult socioeconomic attainment. Social Forces, 70(1), 187-206.
Doucet, K. (1989). Homemaker/emergency child care service summer project. CFS Gagetown: Area Social Work Headquarters.
Finn, J. E. (1987). Separation and military family. Toronto: Canadian Forces College. Fish, K. D., & Biller, H. B. (1973). Perveived childhood paternal relationships and college females’ personal adjustment. Adolescence, 8, 415-420.
Florsheim, P. (2000). The economic and psychological dynamics of nonresident paternal involvement. In R. D. Tayor & M. C. Wang. (Eds.), Resilience across contexts: family, work, culture, and community(pp. 55-87). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoiates, Inc.
Gelles, R. J. (1989). Child abuse and violence in single-parent families: Parent absence and economic deprivation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 492-501.
Grove, M. M., & Horm-Wingered, D. M. (1991). Commuter marriages: Personal, fam-
ily and career issues. Sociology and Social Research, 75(4), 212-216.
Inamura, H. (1988). Family dynamics of intrafamily violence and school refusal in Ja- pan. Asian family mental health. Tokyo: Psychiatric research institute of Tokyo.
Johnson, D. (1996). Father presence matters: a review of the literature: Toward an ecological framework of fathering and child outcomes. National Center on Fathers and Families, 1-31.
Kelley, M. L. (1994). Military-induced separation in relation to maternal adjustment and children’s behaviors. Military Psychology, 6(3), 163-176.
Lamb, M. (1997). Father and child development: An introductory overview and guide. In M. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development(3rd., pp. 1-18). New York: Wiley.
Levinson, D. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine.
Levai, M., Ackermann, R., Kaplan, S., & Hammock, M. (1995). The effect of father absence on psychiatric hospitalization of navy children. Military Medicine, 160(3), 104-106.
McCarthy, D. D., Gersten, J. C., & Langner, T. S. (1982). The behavioral effects of father absence on children and their mothers. Social Behavior and Personality, 10(1), 11-23.
Miller, R. D., Cravens, E. (2001). Outward bound: EAP and the expatriate life. Behavioral Health Management, May/Jun, 52-55.
Mott, F. L., Kowaleski-Jones, L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1997). Paternal absence and child behavior: does a child’s gender make a difference? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 103-118.
Nydegger, C. N., & Mitteness, L. S. (1991). Father and their adult sons and daughters.
Marriage & Ramily Review, 16(3/4), 249-265.
Parke, R. (1996). Fatherhood(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Paschall, M. J., Ringwalt, C. L., & Flewelling, R. L. (2003). Effects of parenting, father absence, and affiliation with delinquent peers on delinquent behavior among African-American male adolescents. Adolescence, 38(149), 15-34.
Phares, V. (1996). Fathers and developmental psychopathology. New York: Wiley.
Radin, N. (1981). Childrearing fathers in intact families, I: Some antecedents and consequences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27(4), 489-514.
Reinhardt, J. (1991). Mother-son physical interactions and the absence of the father. Bulletin de Psychologie, 45(404), 113-121.
Riggs, B. A. (1990). Routine-work-related-absence: The effects of families. Marriage and Family Review, 15, 147-160.
Ronen, S. (1989). Training the international assignee. In Goldstein, I.(Ed.)Training and career development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Russell , A., & Saeble, J. (1997). Mother-son, mother-daughter, father-son and father- daughter: Are they distinct relationships? Developmental Review,17. 117-147.
Steingberg, L. (1996). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Teachman, J., Day, r. Paasch, K. Carver, K., & Call, V. (1998). Sibling resemblance in
behavioral and cognitive outcomes: The role of father presence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 835-848.
Wertsch, M. E. (1991). Military brats. Legacies of childhood inside the fortress. New York: Harmony Books.
Yau, J., & Smetana, J. G. (1996). Adolescent-parent conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Development, 67, 1261-1275.
Download