30-1 Relationship among Clients' Counseling Expectations, Perceptions of the Counselor Credibility and the Initial Working Alliance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among clients' counseling expectations, their perception of counselor credibility, and the initial working alliance. One hundred and twenty-one clients seeking personal counseling at 18 university counseling centers in Taiwan completed the revised Expectation about Counseling-Brief Form (Tinsley, 1982) prior to their first counseling session, the Social Influence Inventory (clients' perception of counselor credibility) and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) after second counseling session. Results indicated that clients' expectations for personal commitment and perception of counselors' credibility of expertness and attractiveness predicted the task and goal dimensions of the working alliance. Clients' expectations for personal commitment and facilitative conditions and perception of counselors' credibility of expertness, attractiveness and trustworthiness predicted the bond dimension of the working alliance. Also, clients' expectations of counseling predicted working alliance indirectly through perceived counselor credibility, the effect size is .42 (p<.05), and clients' expectations of counseling directly predicted working alliance, the effect size is .23 (p<.05). The findings of current study suggested that counselor credibility might mediate the relationship between counseling expectation and initial working alliance. Clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords
clients' counseling expectations、counselor credibility、initial counseling session、working alliance

Reference
王文秀、李沁芬、彭一芳、黃鈺敏、吳菁蓉、謝淑敏譯(1999)。助人者的晤談策略:基本技巧與行為處遇。台北:心理。Cormier, S., & Cormier, B. (1998). Interviewing strategies for helpers: Fundamental skill and cognitive behavior interventions (4th ed.).
王怡人(1988)。諮商期待對於諮商員的知覺與諮商效果之相關研究。國立台灣教育學院輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。 
何克倫(2006)。非關黑貓或白貓──諮商中言詞與工作同盟之語用學詮釋研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。 
吳秉衛、陳慶福(2006)。為什麽個案不再來?---諮商不成熟結案現象與其因應之道。輔導季刊,42(3),61-71。 
吳肇元(2006)。大學生網路即時諮商與電子郵件諮商之工作同盟、諮商員效能與諮商滿意度之差異比較研究。國立暨南國際大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,南投。 
李偉斌、陳慶福、王智弘(2008)。網路即時諮商與晤談諮商中助人技巧、工作同盟與晤談感受之研究---以準諮商員為例。教育心理學報,40(1),1-21。 
李筱蓉(1995)。初期晤談工作同盟的建立:治療者的意圖與反應模式分析。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林瑞吉、劉焜輝(1998)。序列分析在諮商歷程研究的應用---以兩組諮商個案為例。師大學報:教育類,43(1),49-86。
邱皓政(2003)。結構方程模式:LISREL 的理論、技術與應用。台北:雙葉。 
洪雅鳳(1997)。當事人依附、工作同盟與晤談感受之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。 
張娟鳳(2001)。短期諮商的效能因素與工作同盟之研究。教育心理學報,32(2),71-102。 
陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵(2009)。多變量分析方法---統計軟體應用(第五版)。台北:五南。 
陳秉華、蔡秀玲(1999)。國內十年來諮商歷程研究之回顧與展望。載於中國輔導學會(主編),輔導學大趨勢(123-164 頁)。台北:心理。 
陳斐娟(1996)。諮商歷程中的重要事件、工作同盟與諮商結果之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化。 
陳慶福(1995)。諮商員和當事人在諮商過程中的同盟、口語反應模式與晤談感受之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化。 
楊荊生(1985)。聲望介紹與諮商術語對輔導員效能評估的影響。國立台灣教育學院輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。 
樊雪春(2006)。一次諮商或兩次諮商的理論與運用。載於林家興(主編),大學諮商輔導工作實務(107-126 頁)。台北:心理。 
謝麗紅(2000)。團體過程中工作同盟的變化及其與團體結果之關係研究。彰化師大輔導學報,21,63-92。
Ackerman, S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1-33. 
Æ gisdόttir, S., Gerstein, L. H., & Gridley, B. H. (2000). The factorial structure of the expectationsabout counseling questionnaire-brief form: Some serious questions. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33, 3-20.
Al-Darmaki, F., & Kivlighan Jr., D. M. (1993). Congruence in client-counselor expectations for relationship and the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 379-384.
Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Shapiro, S. J. (2002). Expectations and preferences. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 37-69). New York: Oxford University Press.
Barak, A., & LaCrosse, M. B. (1975). Multidimensional perception of counselor behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 471-476.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Beutler, L. E., Malik, M., Alimohamed, S., Harwood, T. M., Talebi, H., Nobel. S., & Wong, E. (2004). Therapist variables. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 227-306). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Bordin, E. S. (1955). The implications of client expectations for the counseling process. Journal of Counseling psychology, 2, 17-21.
Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of psychoanalytic concept of working alliance.Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252-260.
Bordin, E. S. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: New directions. In A. O. Horvath & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research and practice (pp. 13-37). New York: John Wiley & Son.
Christopher, L. S., Christopher, M., Jeremy, D. S., Bernard, S. G., & Arnold, W. (2007). Levels and patterns of the therapeutic alliance in brief psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 61, 109-129.
Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Corrigan, J. D., & Schmidt, L. D. (1983). Development and validation of revisions in the Counselor Rating Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 64-75.
Dunkle, J. H., & Friedlander, M. L. (1996). Contribution of therapist experience and personal characteristics to the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 456-460.
Garfield, S. L. (1994). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 190-228). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Goldman, G. A., & Anderson, T. (2007). Quality of object relations and security of attachment as predictors of early therapeutic alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(2), 111-117.
Goldstein, A. P., & Higginbotham, H. N. (1991). Relationship-enhancement methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change (4th ed., pp. 20-69). New York: Pergamon Press.
Grace, M., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Kunce, J. (1995). The effect of nonverbal skills training on 20 counselor trainee nonverbal sensitivity and responsiveness and on session impact and work alliance ratings. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 547-552.
Hatchett, G. T., & Han, K. (2006). Development and evaluation of new factor scales for the expectations about counseling inventory in a college sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1301-1318.
Heppner, P. P., & Claiborn, C. D. (1989). Social influence research in counseling: A review and critique. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 365-387.
Heppner, P. P., & Dixon, D. N. (1981). A review of the interpersonal influence process in counseling. Personal and Guidance Journal, 59, 542-550.
Heppner, P. P., & Heesacker, M. (1983). Perceived counselor characteristics, client expectations, and client satisfaction with counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 31-39.
Horvath, A. O. (1994). Empirical validation of Bordin’s pantheoretical model of the alliance: The working alliance inventory perspective. In A. O. Horvath & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research and practice (pp. 109-128). New York: John Wiley & Son.
Horvath, A. O., & Bedi, R. P. (2002). The alliance. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 37-69). New York: Oxford University Press.
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233.
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(2), 139-149.
Hoyt, W. T. (1996). Antecedents and effects of perceived therapist credibility: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 430-447.
Joyce, A. S., & Piper, W. E. (1998). Expectancy, the therapeutic alliance, and treatment outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 7, 236-248.
Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Shaughnessy, P. (1995). Analysis of the development of the working alliance using hierarchical linear modeling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(3), 338-349. 
Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Shaughnessy, P. (2000). Patterns of working alliance development: A typology of client’s working alliance ratings. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(3), 362-371. 
Kokotovic, A. M., & Tracey, T. J. (1990). Working alliance in the early phase of counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(1), 16-21.
LaCrosse, M. B. (1980). Perceived counselor social influence and counseling outcomes: Validity of the Counselor Rating Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 320-327.
Levitt, H., Butler, M., & Hill, T. (2006). What clients find helpful in psychotherapy: Developing principles for facilitating moment-to-moment change. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 314-324.
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(3), 438-450.
Patterson, C., Uhlin, B., & Anderson, T. (2008). Clients' pretreatment counseling expectations as predictors of the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 528-534.
Robitschek, C., & Hershberger, A. R. (2005). Predicting expectations about counseling: Psychological factors and gender implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 23, 173-177.
Satterfield, W. A., & Lyddon, W. J. (1995). Client attachment and perceptions of the working alliance with counselor trainees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 187-189.
Satterfield, W. A., Buelow, S. A., Lyddon, W. J., & Johnson, J. T. (1995). Clients stages of change and expectations about counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 476-478.
Strong, S. R. (1968). Counseling: An interpersonal influence process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15, 215-224.
Tinsley, H. E. A. (1982). Expectations about counseling. Unpublished manuscript.
Tinsley, H. E. A., Bowman, S. L., & Barich, A. W. (1993). Counseling psychologists’ perceptions of occurrence and effects of unrealistic expectations about counseling and psychotherapy among their clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 46-52.
Tokar, D. M., Hardin, S. I., Adams, E. M., & Brandel, I. W. (1996). Clients’ expectations about counseling and perceptions of the working alliance. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 11, 9-26.
Tracey, T. J., Glidden, C. E., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1988). Factor structure of the Counselor Rating Form-Short. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 330-335.
Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical sychology, 1, 207-210. 
Tracey, T. J., Glidden, C. E., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1988). Factor structure of the Counselor Rating Form--Short. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 330-335.
Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2008). The Magnitude of client and therapist working alliance ratings. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training , 45(4), 546-551.
Wei, M., & Heppner, P. P. (2005). Counselor and client predictors of the initial working alliance: A replication and extension to Taiwanese client-counselor dyads. Counseling Psychologist, 33(1), 51-71.

Download
Download