2000年12月 8-4 父母爭吵時的三角關係運作與兒童行爲問題之相關研究
| 張虹雯 | 郭麗安 |
| 國立彰化師範大學輔導學系 | 國立彰化師範大學輔導學系 |
本研究主要以家族系統理論學者Bowen所提之「三角關係」概念為理論依據，試圖了解兒童涉入父母爭吵時的三角關係與其行為問題間的關連性，並探討性別與出生序等變項的影響。本研究共抽樣526位有效樣本，並依據受試樣本在研究者自編的「父母爭吵時的三角關係運作量表」以及「兒童行為檢核表」的得分，進行統計分析，得到下列的結果： 1. 男女童在父母爭吵時成為代罪羔羊的程度有顯著差異存在，且男童比女童容易成為代罪羔羊﹔而在跨世代聯盟與親職化的得分則無性別上的差異。男女童在內化行為問題上的差異未達顯著差異水準﹔而在外化行為與全行為問題兩個向度上皆達到顯著差異水準，且男童比女童出現有較高的外化行為與全行為問題。2. 不同出生序兒童在跨世代聯盟上的差異達到顯著水準，且在事後考驗中發現老么在跨世代聯盟上的情形顯著高於老大﹔不同出生序兒童在代罪羔羊與親職化向度上的差異則未達到顯著水準。不同出生序兒童在內化行為、外化行為與全行為問題上的表現沒有差異。3. 代罪羔羊與親職化分別與兒童行為問題呈顯著正相關與負相闕，跨世代聯盟與兒童行為問題之間則無顯著相關。4. 親職化與代罪羔羊可有效預測女童的內化、外化與全行為問題，以及男童的外化與全行為問題﹔親職化可有效預測男童的內化行為問題。但親職化與代罪羔羊的預測方向不同，親職化愈高的小孩，行為問題的發生率愈低，而代罪羔羊的程度愈高，行為問題的發生率也就愈高。跨世代聯盟則無法預測男女童的行為問題。
關鍵字
三角關係、代罪羔羊、兒童行為問題、家庭系統理論、跨世代聯盟、親職化
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Bray, J . H., Williamson, D. S., & Malone, P. E. (1984). Personal authority in the family system: Development of a questionnaire to measure personal authority in intergenerational family process. Journal of Marital and Family. Therapy. 10. 167-178.
Brotherton, W. D. (1989). The Assessment of Parental Trianimlation of Child. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1984). Being Adolescent: conflict and growth in the teena!!e vears. New York: Basic Books.
Cummings, E. M., Ballard, M., El-Sheikh, M., & Lake, M. (1991). Resolution and children's responses to interadult anger. Develonmental Psychology. 27(3), 462-470.
Cummings, E. M., Vogel, D, Cummings, J. S., & El-Sheikh, M. (1989). Children's responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults. Child Development. 60. 1392-1404.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin. 116 (3), 387-411.
Dwyer, T. J. (1993). The relationship of childhood parentification and adult panic disorder (agoraphobia). Dissertation Abstracts International. B 53 (10), p. 5443. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9235345).
Emery， R. E. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of disorder and divorce. Psychological Bulletin. 92. 2, 310-330.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 111 (1), 108-132.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and societv (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Fauber, R. , Forehand, R., Thomas, A. M., & Wierson, M. (1990). A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Development. 61. 1112-1123.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theorv and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (1996). Family Therapy: An overview (4th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Gracer, A. D. (1993). Parentification, narcissistic vulnerability, empathy, and the choice of a helping profession. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 53 (09), p. 4994. (University Microfilms No. AAC9300123).
Grych, J. H，＆ Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin. 108 (2), 267-290.
Grych, J. H， Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development. 63. 558-572.
Guerin, P. H， Fay, L. F., Burden, S. L., & Gilbertkautto, J. (1987). The evaluation and treatment of marital conflict: A four-sta12:e aooroach. New York: Basic Books Publishers.
Held, B. S., & Bellow, D. C. (1983). A family systems approach to crisis reactions in college student. Journal of marital and Family therall):'.. 9 (4), 365-373.
Jenkins, J. M., Smith, M. A., & Graham, P.J. (1989). Coping with parental quaπels . Journal of the American Academv of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 28 (2), 182-189.
Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1991). Marital disharmony and children’s behavior problems: Aspects of a poor marriage that affect children adversely. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatrv. 32 (5), 793-810.
Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I., & Surrey， J. L. (1991）.Women's growth in connection: Writing from stone center. New York: The Guildford Press.
Kerr， M. E，＆ Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation. N.Y.: Norton & Company.
Kirshner, L. A. (1992) . The absence of the father. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic association. 40 (4 ), 1117-1138.
London, J. A. (1990). Parental marital status and parentification: A study of childhood family environment and intimacy in young adulthood. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 50 (10), p. 4776. (University Microfilms No. AAC8923509)
Lungen, B. (1994). The relationship between the perception of cross-generational coalitions and adolescent adjustment in stepfamilies compared to nuclear families. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 54 (8), p. 4397. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9401955)
Martin, M. T. (1996). Mother-daughter relations in divorced families: Parentification and internalizing and relationship problems. Dissertational Abstracts International. B 56 (9), p. 5176. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9600428)
McKenna, Z. (1996). A causal model of family influence: The effects of family structure， birth order, family satisfaction, and parentification. Dissertational Abstracts International. B 56 (11), p. 6466. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9608001)
Miller, P. M., Danah缸， D. 仁，＆ Forbes, D. (1986). Sex-related strategies for coping with interpersonal conflict in children aged five and seven. Developmental Psychology. 22 (4), 543-548.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Family and Family Therauv. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.
O'sborne, L. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1996). Marital conflict, parent-child relationships, and child adjustment: Does gender matter? Journal of Merrill-Palmer Ouarterly.42 (1), 48-75.
Pate, J. L. (1986). Aspects of the marital relationship of parents associated with ego development of adolescent offspring (identity, conflict, coalitions, scapegoating, family environment). Dissertational Abstracts International. A 47(4), p. 1254. (University Microfilms No. AAC 8605196)
Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986). Marital Disruption, Parent-Child Relationships, and Behavior Problem in Children. Journal of Marria!!e and the Family. 48. 295-307.
Pola, L. E. ( 1993). Parentification level as predictor of self esteem and academic achievement in hispanic children. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 54 (3), p. 1695. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9317246)
Richie， C. (1986). The measurement of triangulation: The development of a questionnaire for adolescent respondents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama.
Ruble, D. N，＆ Martin, C.L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon (eds.) Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley.
Teyber, E. (1983). Effects of the parental coalition on adolescent emancipation from the family. Journal of marital and family therapy. 9 (3), 305-310.
Vogel, E. F., & Bell, N. W. (1968). The emotionally disturbed child as the family scapegoat. In N. W. Bell, & E. F. Vogel (eds.), A modem introduction to the family（pp.412-427). New York: The Free Press.
West, J. D， Zarski, J. J., & Harvill, R. (1986). The influence of the family triangle on intimacy. Journal of American Mental Health Counselors Association. 8(3), 166-174.
Wilson, R. J ., & Rohrbaugh， M. (1985). Family triangles and colle&e student adiustment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. (ERIC Document Reprodcution Service, No. ED 262360).
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