2011年08月 30-3 完形治療團體對未成年時期經歷父母離異事件之大學生的效果研究

卓紋君 陳宗興
國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所 屏東縣東勢國民小學教導處
 

本研究旨在探討完形治療團體對未成年時期經歷父母離異事件大學生之諮商效果。研究對象為南部某大專院校三十名未成年時期經歷父母離異之學生,分成實驗組及控制組各十五名。實驗組成員接受三日,共計十八小時的完形團體。研究者以「失落量表」與「貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版」為研究工具,對實驗組與控制組進行前、後及追蹤測。從詹森-內曼統計考驗發現:對多數的大學生成員(即失落量表得分約 17 分以上,憂鬱量表得分約 10 分以上者),完形治療團體能立即與持續降低其未成年時期經歷父母離異的悲傷反應。此外,研究者分別在團體結束第四至第六週,訪談成員所指定之親近友人、與成員同住之父或母,以及成員自身;分析發現:成員在團體之後,其情緒、想法、身體知覺、行為表現以及人際互動等五大向度上有正向的改變。研究者根據研究結果進行討論,並參酌在研究過程中的經驗,提出具體建議,以供實務工作者及未來相關研究之參考。

關鍵字
大學生、父母離異、失落悲傷、未竟事務、完形治療團體

參考書目

內政部統計處(2009)。內政統計通報 2009 年第 22 週。2009 年 9 月 15 日,取自:
http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/week.aspx/。
方紫薇、馬宗潔譯(2001)。團體心理治療的理論與實務。台北:桂冠。Yalom, I. D. (1995).The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4nd ed.).
生命潛能編輯室譯(1997)。小丑的創造藝術---完形學派的自我治療。台北:生命潛能。
Najia, R. (1988). Holy fools-self healing through presence and play with an introducetion to Gestalt therapy.
李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫譯(2004)。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療。台北:心理。Worden,
J. W. (2001). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (2nd ed.).
林崇德(主編)(1995)。離異家庭子女心理。台北:心理。
吳明隆(2007)。SPSS操作與應用變異數分析實務。台北:五南。
卓紋君、徐西森、范幸玲、黃進南譯(2002)。完形治療的實踐。台北:心理。Clarkson, P. (1999). Gestalt counseling in action.
卓紋君、張淑芬、高琇玲(2004)。完形治療團體中主角成員個人工作之歷程研究。諮商輔導學報:高師輔導所刊,10,111-142。
章薇卿譯(2007)。走在失落的幽谷:悲傷因應指引手冊。台北:心理。Neimeyer, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping.
陸雅青(2000)。藝術治療團體實務研究---以破碎家庭為例。台北:五南。
陳心怡譯(2000)。貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版指導手冊。台北:中國行為科學社。Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. A. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II, BDI-II.
黃彩雲(1998)。父母離異兒童對父母離婚事件歸因與因應之研究---以一個團體諮商歷程為例。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,新竹。
鄔佩麗(1998)。從失落經驗看單親家庭因應策略之研究。教育心理學報,30(14),23-50。
蔡瑞峰、黃進南、何麗儀譯(2005)。完形團體歷程的理論與實務之概觀,載於卓紋君(校閱)完形治療觀點與應用(345-374頁)。台北:心理。Nevis, E. C.(Ed.) (2000). Gestalt therapy: Perspectives and applications.
劉秀雅(2003)。完形取向喪慟團體對喪親國中生之輔導效果。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究 所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
劉淑慧、田秀蘭、陳淑琦、張勻銘、黃莉惟、廖書瑾、陳慧甄譯(2009)。諮商研究法。台 北,學富。Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling.
謝麗紅(1990)。父母離異對兒童身心影響之探討及其輔導策略。輔導月刊,26(9-10),27-33。Afifi, T. O., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., & Sareen, J. (2009). The relationship between child abuse, parental divorce, and lifetime mental disorders and suicidality in a nationally representative adult sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(3), 139-147.
Amato, P. R. (2000). Consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1269-87.
Ayadi, H., Moalla, Y., Ben, A. S., Walha, A., Laaribi, H., & Ghribi, F. (2003). Parental divorce and psychopathologic unrests at the child and the teenager: Tunisian comparative study. Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance & Del'Adolescence, 50, 121.
Brammer, L. M. (1993). The helping relationship: process and skills (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Cartwright, C. (2006). You want to know how it affected me? Young adults' perceptions of the impact of parental divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 44(3-4), 125-143.
Cho, W. C., & Hsieh , Y. J. (2002, August). A Study in the effects of a Gestalt-oriented growth group.Paper Presented at the Inaugural Conference of the International Gestalt Therapy, Montreal, Canada.
Clarkson, P., & Mackewn, J. (2000). Fritz Perls. London: Sage.
Corey, G. (2004). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). Standford: Brooks/Cole.
Dennison, R. P., & Koerner, S. S. (2008). A look at hopes and worries about marriage: The Views of adolescents following a parental divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 48, 91-107.
Demuth, S., & Brown, S. L. (2004). Family structure, family processes, and adolescent delinquency: The significance of parental absence versus parental gender. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 41, 58-81.
Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., Strycker, L. A., & Chaumeton, N. R. (2002). Relations between youth antisocial and prosocial activities. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 425-438.
Fagan, J., & Shepherd, I. L. (1970). Gestalt therapy now. New York: Harper & Row.
Franke, T. M. (2000). Adolescent violent behavior: An analysis across and within racial/ethnic Groups. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 8(1-2), 47.
Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliot, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: the moment by moment process. New York: Guilford.
Harman, R. L. (1989). Gestalt therapy with groups, couples, sexually dysfunctional men, and dreams. Springfiled, IL: Charles Thomas Pub.
Hughes, M. (1995). Bereavement and support: Healing in a group environment. Washington D.C.: Taylor & Francis.
Humphrey, M. G., & Zimpfer, D. G. (1996). Counselling for grief and bereavement. London: Sage.
Joyce, P., & Sills, C. (2001). Skills in gestalt counseling and psychotherapy.
London: Sage. Kalish, R. A. (1985). Death, grief, and caring relationship. Monterey, CA: Books/Cole.
Kalter, N. (1991). Growing up with divorce: Helping your children avoid immediate and later emotional problems. New York: Ballantine Books.
Kelly, J. B., & Wallerstein, J. B. (1977). Brief intervention with children in divorcing families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 23-39.
Kepner, E. (1980). Gestalt group process. In B. Feder & R. Ronall (Eds.), Beyond the hot seat: Gestalt approaches to group (pp. 55-77). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Kitamura, T., Kijima, N., Aihara, W., Tomoda, A., Fukuda, R., & Yamamoto, M. (1998). Depression and early experiences among young Japanese women: Multiple facets of experiences and subcategories of depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 1(1), 27-38.
Knox, D., Zusman, M., & DeCuzzi, A. (2004). The effect of parental divorce on relationships with parents and romantic partners of college students. College Student Journal, 38(4), 597-601.
Korb, M. P., Gorrel, J., & Riet, V. V. D. (1989). Gestalt therapy: Practice and theory (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.
Kunz, J., & Kunz, J. P. (1995). Parental divorce and academic achievement of college students. Psychological Reports, 76, 1025.
Lagrand, L. E. (1986). Loss reactions of college students: A descriptive analysis. Death Education, 5(3), 235-248.
Mackewn, J. (1999). Developing Gestalt counseling: A field theoretical and Relational model of contemporary Gestalt counseling and psychotherapy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Manning, W., & Lamb, K. A. (2003). Adolescent well-being in cohabiting, married, and singleparent families. Journal of Marriage & Family, 65, 876-893.
Margolin, S. (1996). Complete group counseling program for children of divorce:Ready-to-use plans & materials for small and large groups, grades 1-6. New York: Jossey-Bass.
Murphy, L. B. (1987). Further reflections on resilience. In E. J. Anthony & B. Cohler, (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp. 84-105). New York: The Guildford Press.
Niemeier J. P., Kennedy R. E., Mckinley W. O., & Cifu, D. X. (2004). The loss inventory: Preliminary reliability and validity data for a new measure of emotional and cognitive responses to disability. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(10), 614-623.
Palosan, V., & Aro, H. (1994). Effect of timing of parental divorce on the vulnerability of children to depression in young adulthood. Adolescence, 29(115), 681-691.
Perls, F. (1976). The Gestalt approach & Eye witness to therapy. New York: Bantam.
Perls, F. (1966). Four Lectures. In J. Fagan & I. L.Shepherd (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy now (pp. 14-38). New York: Harper and Row.
Perls, F. (1969a). The Gestalt Approach and Eye Witness to Therapy. Palo Alto, CA: Science & behavior Books.
Perls, F. (1969b). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Moab, UT: Real People Press.
Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P. (1994). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: The Gestalt Journal Press.
Polster, E., & Polster, M. (1973). Gestalt therapy integrated. New York: Random.
Scott, D. J., & Church, A. T. (2001). Separation/attachment theory and career decidedness and commitment: Effects of parental divorce. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(3), 328-347.
Stevens, J. O. (1971). Awareness: exploring, experimenting, experience. London: Eden Grove.
Steinberg, L. (1993). Adolescence. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Stroebe, W., Stroebe, M., & Abakoumkin, G. (1999). Does differential social support cause sex differences in bereavement outcome? Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 1-12.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second chances: Men, women & children a decade after divorce, who wins, who loses--and why. New York: Ticnor & Fields.
Wallerstein, J. S., Lewis J., & Blakeslee, S. (2000). The unexpected legacy of divorce: a 25 year landmark study. New York: Hyperion.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
Wauterickx, N., Gouwy, A., & Bracke, P. (2006). Parental divorce and depression: Long-term effects on adult children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 45(3-4), 43-68.
Wolfinger, N. H. (2003). Family structure homogamy: The effects of parental divorce on partner selection and marital stability. Social Science Research, 32, 80-97.
Zinker, J. (1977). Creative process in Gestalt therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Zinker, J. (1994). The developmental process of a Gestalt therapy group. In B. Feder & R. Ronall (Eds.), Beyond the hot seat: Gestalt approaches to group (pp. 55-77). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

全文下載
全文下載