2012年04月 32-1 團體領導能力量表之編製與信、效度建構
| 吳秀碧 | 許育光 |
| 亞洲大學心理學系 | 新竹教育心理與諮商學系 |
本研究旨在編製「團體領導能力量表」，以評量團體領導者之實務表現能力，供諮商與心理治療實務、教學訓練暨督導之應用。研究主要根據先前研究成果，並參酌實務經驗、以及學者專家論述，發展量表架構與題項共60題。再針對量表初編題項進行專家效度檢核後，依建議修正，並刪除CVI小於 .70 之題項，共得預試題項56題。預試時針對不同背景相關心理專業人員抽樣，得258份有效樣本。預試後刪除臨界比（CR 值）和內部一致性未達 .001 顯著水準之7個題項，形成正式量表共計49題。信度方面，全量表內部一致性信度係數α = .970，折半信度γxx = .935。效度方面，因素分析共得「改變與行動能力」、「促進凝聚力的能力」、「深化團體的能力」、「引導與推進過程的能力」、「深化個體的能力」、「建立互動規範的能力」、「突破過程障礙的能力」、「強化學習和獲得的能力」等八個因素；與「諮商團體領導者專業能力量表」得分之積差相關係數γ = .697 （p < .001 ）。最後，本研究針對量表應用，以及後續研究進行討論並提出相關建議。
關鍵字
能力評量、領導能力、諮商師、團體治療、團體諮商、團體領導者
參考書目
王麗斐、林美珠（2000）。團體治療性因素量表之發展與編制。中華輔導學報，9，1-24。
吳秀碧（2005）。諮商團體領導原理的建構：螺旋式領導方法。中華輔導學報，17，1-32。
吳秀碧（2008）。團體諮商進階領導者訓練效果之研究—使用一個試驗性的社會認知訓練模式。行政院國家科學委員會九十七年度補助專題研究成果報告(編號:NSC 96-2413-H-468-002)，未出版。
吳秀碧（2010a）。系統化訓練模式對諮商團體領導者進階訓練效果之研究。中華輔導與諮商學報，28，101-146。
吳秀碧（2010b）。一個進階領導者系統化訓練模式的建構，輔導季刊，46(2)，55-65。
吳秀碧、洪雅鳳、羅家玲（2003）。團體諮商歷程中領導者意圖與聚焦之分析研究。中華輔導學報，13，117-150。
吳秀碧、許育光、洪雅鳳、羅家玲（2004）。非結構諮商團體過程中領導者技術應用之研究。中華心理衛生學刊，17(3)，49-82。
洪雅鳳、吳秀碧、蕭文（2008，10月）。團體初階段的領導策略—以高低過程效能團體作為探討。論文發表於台灣輔導與諮商學會舉辦之台灣輔導與諮商的回顧與展望—新社會、新挑戰學術研討會，彰化。
許育光(2009)。團體諮商轉換階段之人際歷程與領導者介入策略分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學研究所博士論文，未出版，彰化。
許育光(2008，10月)。新手團體諮商師學習「螺旋式領導取向」之成效分析。論文發表於台灣輔導與諮商學會舉辦之台灣輔導與諮商的回顧與展望—新社會、新挑戰學術研討會，彰化。
許育光(2009)。碩士層級受訓團體諮商師參與「螺旋式領導取向」培訓之成效與介入能力學習經驗分析。教育心理學報，41，323-346。
許育光、吳秀碧(2008)。諮商團體歷程介入能力內涵探究。未發表的稿件。
許育光、吳秀碧(2010)。諮商團體領導者於情緒處理段落之介入策略研究。中華輔導與諮商學報，27，245-284。
謝麗紅(1999)。團體諮商實習課程對準諮商員團體諮商領導能力訓練效果之分析研究。中華輔導學報，7，245-272。
Aiken, L. R. (1982). Writing multiple-choice items to measure higher-order educational objectives.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 803-806.
Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131-142.
Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bolman, L. (1971). Some effects of trainers on their T-group. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 309-325.
Carkuff, R. R. (1969). Helping and human relations: A primer for lay and professional helpers. Montreal, Canada: Hold, Rinehart, and Winston.
Carkuff, R. R. (1987). The art of helping. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.
Cormier, W. H., & Cormier, S. L. (1985). Interview strategies for helpers: Fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral intervention (nd ed.). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Corey, M. S., & Corey, G. (1987). Group counseling: Process and practice (rd ed.). Monterey, CA:Brooks/Cole.
DeLucia-Waack, J. L. (1998). What is the relationship between therapeutic factor and group work effectiveness really? The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 23, 235-236.
Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (2003). A measure of counselor competency. Counselor Education and Supervision, 43(2), 120-133.
Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (00). Constructive development and counselor competence. Counselor and Supervision, 45(3), 180-192.
Furr, S. R., & Barret, B. (000). Teaching group counseling skills: Problems and solutions. Counselor and Supervision, 40(2), 94-105.
Gednar, R. L., & Kaul, T. L. (). Experiential group research: Can the cannon fire? In A. E. Gergin & S. R. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (4th ed., pp. 631-663). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hackney, H., & Cormier, S. (1994). Counseling strategies and interventions. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Holloway, E. L. (1994). Supervision: A way of teaching and learning. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (2nd ed., pp. 177-214). New York: Wiley.
Hsu, K., & Woo, S. (2009). Tasks and strategies of group counseling: Constructing a systematic observation scale. paper presented at American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Ivey, A. E. (1971). Microcounseling: Innovations in interview training. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Ivey, A. E., Normington, C. J., Miller, C. D., Morrill, W. H., & Haase, R. F. (1968). Microcounseling and attending behavior: An approach to prepracticum counselor training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15(5),1-12.
Ivey, A. E., & Authier, J. (1978). Microcounseling: Innovations in interviewing, counseling, psychotherapy, and psychoeducatioin. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas.
Ivey, A. E., & Ivey, M. B. (2003). Intentional interviewing and counseling. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
Little, C., Packman, J., Marlowe, H., Smaby, M. H., & Maddux, C. D. (2005). The skilled counselor training model: Skills acquisition, self-Assessment, and cognitive complexity. Counselor Education & Supervision , 44, 189-200.
Makuch, L. (1997). Measuring dimensions of counseling and therapeutic group leadership style: Development of a leadership characteristics inventory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.
McLeod, J. (1992). What do we know about how to best assess counselor competence? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 5(4), 359-373.
Miller, G. E. (1990). The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine, 65(9), 63-67.
Miller, M. J. (1997). Counselor intentionality: Implications for the training of beginning counselors.Counseling & Values, 41(3), 194-204.
Mintz, J., & Luborsky, L. ()1971. Segments versus whole sessions: Which is the best unit for psychotherapy process research? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78, 180-191.
Morran, D. K., Kurpius, D. J., Brack, C. J., & Brack, G. (1995). A cognitive/skills model for counselor training and supervision. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 384-389.
Myrick, R. D., & Kelly, D. F., Jr. (1995). A scale for evaluating practicum students in counseling and supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 12, 330-336.
Page, B. J., & Hulse-Killacky, D. (1999). Development and validation of the corrective feedback self- efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24, 37-54.
Page, B. J., Pietrzak, D. R., & Lewis, T. F. (2001). Development of the group leader self-efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 26, 168-184.
Ponterotto, J. G., & Furlong, M. J. (1985). Evaluating counselor effectiveness: A critical review of rating scale instruments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 597-616.
Romano, J. L. (). Simulated group counseling: An experiential training model for group work.Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 23, 119-132.
Romano, J. L., & Sullivan, B. A. (2000). Simulated group counseling for group work training: A four- year research study of group development. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 25(4), 366-375.
Scofield, M., & Yoxtheimer, L. (). Psychometric issues in the assessment of clinical competencies.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 413-420.
Smaby, M. H., Maddux, C. D., Torres-Rivera, E., & Zimmick, R. (1997). Skilled group counseling scale. Unpublished manuscript.
Smaby, M. H., Maddux, C. D., Torres-Rivera, E., & Zimmick, R. (1999). A study of the effects of a skills-based versus a conventional group counseling training program. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24(2), 153-163.
Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stockton, R., Morran, D. K., & Krieger, K. M. (2004). An overview of current research and best practices for training beginning group leaders. In J. L. DeLucia-Waack, D. A. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 65-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Trotzer, J. P. (2005). The counselor and the group: Integrating theory, training, and practice (th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Truax, C. B., & Carkuff, R. R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Wilbur, M. P., Toberts-Wilbur, J., Morris, J. R., Beta, R. L., & Hart, G. M. (1991). Structured group supervision: Theory into practice. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 16, 91-100.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
吳秀碧（2005）。諮商團體領導原理的建構：螺旋式領導方法。中華輔導學報，17，1-32。
吳秀碧（2008）。團體諮商進階領導者訓練效果之研究—使用一個試驗性的社會認知訓練模式。行政院國家科學委員會九十七年度補助專題研究成果報告(編號:NSC 96-2413-H-468-002)，未出版。
吳秀碧（2010a）。系統化訓練模式對諮商團體領導者進階訓練效果之研究。中華輔導與諮商學報，28，101-146。
吳秀碧（2010b）。一個進階領導者系統化訓練模式的建構，輔導季刊，46(2)，55-65。
吳秀碧、洪雅鳳、羅家玲（2003）。團體諮商歷程中領導者意圖與聚焦之分析研究。中華輔導學報，13，117-150。
吳秀碧、許育光、洪雅鳳、羅家玲（2004）。非結構諮商團體過程中領導者技術應用之研究。中華心理衛生學刊，17(3)，49-82。
洪雅鳳、吳秀碧、蕭文（2008，10月）。團體初階段的領導策略—以高低過程效能團體作為探討。論文發表於台灣輔導與諮商學會舉辦之台灣輔導與諮商的回顧與展望—新社會、新挑戰學術研討會，彰化。
許育光(2009)。團體諮商轉換階段之人際歷程與領導者介入策略分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學研究所博士論文，未出版，彰化。
許育光(2008，10月)。新手團體諮商師學習「螺旋式領導取向」之成效分析。論文發表於台灣輔導與諮商學會舉辦之台灣輔導與諮商的回顧與展望—新社會、新挑戰學術研討會，彰化。
許育光(2009)。碩士層級受訓團體諮商師參與「螺旋式領導取向」培訓之成效與介入能力學習經驗分析。教育心理學報，41，323-346。
許育光、吳秀碧(2008)。諮商團體歷程介入能力內涵探究。未發表的稿件。
許育光、吳秀碧(2010)。諮商團體領導者於情緒處理段落之介入策略研究。中華輔導與諮商學報，27，245-284。
謝麗紅(1999)。團體諮商實習課程對準諮商員團體諮商領導能力訓練效果之分析研究。中華輔導學報，7，245-272。
Aiken, L. R. (1982). Writing multiple-choice items to measure higher-order educational objectives.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 803-806.
Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131-142.
Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bolman, L. (1971). Some effects of trainers on their T-group. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 309-325.
Carkuff, R. R. (1969). Helping and human relations: A primer for lay and professional helpers. Montreal, Canada: Hold, Rinehart, and Winston.
Carkuff, R. R. (1987). The art of helping. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.
Cormier, W. H., & Cormier, S. L. (1985). Interview strategies for helpers: Fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral intervention (nd ed.). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Corey, M. S., & Corey, G. (1987). Group counseling: Process and practice (rd ed.). Monterey, CA:Brooks/Cole.
DeLucia-Waack, J. L. (1998). What is the relationship between therapeutic factor and group work effectiveness really? The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 23, 235-236.
Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (2003). A measure of counselor competency. Counselor Education and Supervision, 43(2), 120-133.
Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (00). Constructive development and counselor competence. Counselor and Supervision, 45(3), 180-192.
Furr, S. R., & Barret, B. (000). Teaching group counseling skills: Problems and solutions. Counselor and Supervision, 40(2), 94-105.
Gednar, R. L., & Kaul, T. L. (). Experiential group research: Can the cannon fire? In A. E. Gergin & S. R. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (4th ed., pp. 631-663). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hackney, H., & Cormier, S. (1994). Counseling strategies and interventions. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Holloway, E. L. (1994). Supervision: A way of teaching and learning. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (2nd ed., pp. 177-214). New York: Wiley.
Hsu, K., & Woo, S. (2009). Tasks and strategies of group counseling: Constructing a systematic observation scale. paper presented at American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Ivey, A. E. (1971). Microcounseling: Innovations in interview training. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Ivey, A. E., Normington, C. J., Miller, C. D., Morrill, W. H., & Haase, R. F. (1968). Microcounseling and attending behavior: An approach to prepracticum counselor training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15(5),1-12.
Ivey, A. E., & Authier, J. (1978). Microcounseling: Innovations in interviewing, counseling, psychotherapy, and psychoeducatioin. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas.
Ivey, A. E., & Ivey, M. B. (2003). Intentional interviewing and counseling. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
Little, C., Packman, J., Marlowe, H., Smaby, M. H., & Maddux, C. D. (2005). The skilled counselor training model: Skills acquisition, self-Assessment, and cognitive complexity. Counselor Education & Supervision , 44, 189-200.
Makuch, L. (1997). Measuring dimensions of counseling and therapeutic group leadership style: Development of a leadership characteristics inventory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.
McLeod, J. (1992). What do we know about how to best assess counselor competence? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 5(4), 359-373.
Miller, G. E. (1990). The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine, 65(9), 63-67.
Miller, M. J. (1997). Counselor intentionality: Implications for the training of beginning counselors.Counseling & Values, 41(3), 194-204.
Mintz, J., & Luborsky, L. ()1971. Segments versus whole sessions: Which is the best unit for psychotherapy process research? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78, 180-191.
Morran, D. K., Kurpius, D. J., Brack, C. J., & Brack, G. (1995). A cognitive/skills model for counselor training and supervision. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 384-389.
Myrick, R. D., & Kelly, D. F., Jr. (1995). A scale for evaluating practicum students in counseling and supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 12, 330-336.
Page, B. J., & Hulse-Killacky, D. (1999). Development and validation of the corrective feedback self- efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24, 37-54.
Page, B. J., Pietrzak, D. R., & Lewis, T. F. (2001). Development of the group leader self-efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 26, 168-184.
Ponterotto, J. G., & Furlong, M. J. (1985). Evaluating counselor effectiveness: A critical review of rating scale instruments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 597-616.
Romano, J. L. (). Simulated group counseling: An experiential training model for group work.Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 23, 119-132.
Romano, J. L., & Sullivan, B. A. (2000). Simulated group counseling for group work training: A four- year research study of group development. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 25(4), 366-375.
Scofield, M., & Yoxtheimer, L. (). Psychometric issues in the assessment of clinical competencies.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 413-420.
Smaby, M. H., Maddux, C. D., Torres-Rivera, E., & Zimmick, R. (1997). Skilled group counseling scale. Unpublished manuscript.
Smaby, M. H., Maddux, C. D., Torres-Rivera, E., & Zimmick, R. (1999). A study of the effects of a skills-based versus a conventional group counseling training program. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24(2), 153-163.
Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stockton, R., Morran, D. K., & Krieger, K. M. (2004). An overview of current research and best practices for training beginning group leaders. In J. L. DeLucia-Waack, D. A. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 65-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Trotzer, J. P. (2005). The counselor and the group: Integrating theory, training, and practice (th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Truax, C. B., & Carkuff, R. R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Wilbur, M. P., Toberts-Wilbur, J., Morris, J. R., Beta, R. L., & Hart, G. M. (1991). Structured group supervision: Theory into practice. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 16, 91-100.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
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