2002年3月 12-1一個諮商新手的初次晤談分析～試探諮商師從意圖到行動的過程
| 彭秀玲 |
| 彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系 |
本研究分析一個諮商新手在初次唔談從：意圖到行動的過程，初步探索該過程中所渴益的變項，嘗試建構諮商師從意圖到行動的歷程模式，作為諮商新手、教師及督導在實務或教學上的參考。本研究依質性研究紮根理論的理念，透過唔談錄音帶的協助，作人際歷程回憶（ IPR ）的訪談，共得到116段對話作為資料分析的基礎。本研究發現：唔談過程中所呈現的資料、關係迷思、蒐集資料迷思、諮商師自己的情緒、諮商飾的情緒因應方式、在個案的環境中得到的矛盾訊息，都會影響初始諮商師的反應模式，這反應模式與原意圖不一定相符。蒐集資料時，目標或策略量與會產生相對應的反應模式﹔但關係迷思、蒐集資料迷思會影響資料取拾的方向，因而放棄最初的想法（感覺或意見），開始懷疑自己或個案，影響反應模式。在諮商師需求的過程中，常出現沮喪、焦慮、挫折等情緒，干擾適當的反應模式，無法建立良好的諮商關係，或蒐集到有用的資料，甚至讓諮商無法順利進行。在建立閥係的過程中，對關係的錯誤信念也常干擾適當的反應模式，使關係不易深入。
關鍵字
誼商意圖、諮商師反應模式、諮商新手
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Hill, C. E., Helms, J. E., Spiegel, S. B. & Tichenor, V. (1988). Development of a system for categorizing client reactions to therapist interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35( 1 ), 27-36.
Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research. In A. E. Bergin & S. Garfield (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. (pp. 19-71 ). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Lambert, J. M. & Bergin. E. A. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. Garfield (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. (pp. 143-189). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Maltzman， S. (2001). The specific ingredients are in the match: comments on Ahn and Wampold (2001). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 3, 258-261.
Marmar, C. R. ( 1990). Psychotherapy Process Research, Dilemmas and Future Directions. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 265-272.
Martin, J. (1984). The cognitive mediational paradigm for research on counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 558-571.
Martin, J. Martin, W., & Siemon, A. (1987). Cognitive mediational in person- centered and rational-emotive therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 251-260.
Martin, J., Martin, W., & Siemon, A. G. ( 1989). Cognitive-mediational models of action- act sequences in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 8-16.
Martin, J., Martin, W., Meyer, M., & Slemon, A. ( 1986). Empirical investigation of the cognitive mediational paradigm for research on counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 115-123.
Meacham, A. J. (1984). The Social Basis of Intentional Action. Human Development, 27, 119-123.
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Mischel, H. N. (1984). From intention to action: The role of rule knowleddge in the development of self-regulation. Human Development, 27, 124-128.
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Skinner, A. E. & Chapman, M. (1984). Control beliefs in an action perspective. Human Development, 27, 129-132.
Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.
Stoltenberg, C. D. (1988). The integrated developmental model of supervision. (Report NO. CG 021380). Atlanta, GA: The 961h Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. 320789).
Williams, E. N., Judge, A. B., Hill, C. E. & Hoffman, M. A. (1997). Experiences of novice therapists in prepracticum: Trainees', Clients', and supervisors' perceptions of therapists' personal reactions and management strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(4), 390-399.
Youniss, J. ( 1984 ). Discussion: single mind and social mind. Human Development, 27, 133-134.
Ahn，H，＆Wampold, B. E. (2001). Where oh where are the specific ingredients? A meta-analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 3, 251-257.
Baites， B. P. (1984). Discussion: some constructive caveats on action psychology and the study of intention. Human Development, 27, 135-138 .
Bergin, A. E., & Lambert, M. J. (1978). The evaluation of therapeutic outcome. In: S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (2"d ed.). NY: Wiley.
Brandtstadter, J. (1984 ). Action Development and Development through Action. Human Development, 27, 115-118.
Chapman, M. (1984). Conclusion: Action, intention, and intersubjectivity. Human Development, 27, 139-144.
Chapman, M. (1984 ). Intentional action as a paradigm for developmental psychology: A symposium. Human Development,27, 13-144.
Chwalisz, K. (2001). A common factors revolution: Let’s not “Cut off our discipline's nose to spite its face”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 3, 262-267.
Elliot， R., Hill, C. E., Stiles, W. B., Friedlander, M. L., Mahrer, A. R. & Margison, F. R. ( 1987) Primary therapist response modes: Comparison of six rating systems. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 55，218-223.
Eysenck, H. J. ( 1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consuiting Psychology, 16, 319-324.
Gelsne, C. (1999). Becoming Quali,的tive Researchers: An Introduction (2"d). NY: Longman .
Hamer, R. J. ( 1995). Counselor Intentions : A critical review of the literature. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(3), 259-270
Heppner, P. P., Kivlighon, P. M., & Wampold, B. E. (1992). Research design in counseling. Brooks/Cole.
Hill, C. E. ( 1990). A review of exploratory in-session process research. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 58, 288-294.
Hill, C. E. ( 1991 ). Almost everything you ever wanted to know about how to do process research on counseling and psychotherapy but didn’t know who to ask. In Watkins, E. Jr. & Schneider, L. J. (Eds.). Research in Counseling (pp. 85-188). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hill, C. E. ( 1992). An overview of four measures developed to test the Hill Process Model: Therapist intentions, therapist response modes, client reactions, and client behaviors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(1), 728-739.
Hill, C. E. & O'Grady, K. E. ( 1985). List of therapist intentions illustrated in a case study and with therapists of varying theoretical orientations. Journal of Counseling Psychlogy, 32( I), pp.3-22.
Hill, C. E., & Corbett, M. M. (1993). A perspective on the history of process and outcome research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(1 ), 3-24.
Hill, C. E., Helms, J. E., Spiegel, S. B. & Tichenor, V. (1988). Development of a system for categorizing client reactions to therapist interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35( 1 ), 27-36.
Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research. In A. E. Bergin & S. Garfield (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. (pp. 19-71 ). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Lambert, J. M. & Bergin. E. A. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. Garfield (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. (pp. 143-189). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Maltzman， S. (2001). The specific ingredients are in the match: comments on Ahn and Wampold (2001). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 3, 258-261.
Marmar, C. R. ( 1990). Psychotherapy Process Research, Dilemmas and Future Directions. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 265-272.
Martin, J. (1984). The cognitive mediational paradigm for research on counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 558-571.
Martin, J. Martin, W., & Siemon, A. (1987). Cognitive mediational in person- centered and rational-emotive therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 251-260.
Martin, J., Martin, W., & Siemon, A. G. ( 1989). Cognitive-mediational models of action- act sequences in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 8-16.
Martin, J., Martin, W., Meyer, M., & Slemon, A. ( 1986). Empirical investigation of the cognitive mediational paradigm for research on counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 115-123.
Meacham, A. J. (1984). The Social Basis of Intentional Action. Human Development, 27, 119-123.
Miller, J. M. (1997). Counselor intentionality: Implications for the training of beginning counselors. Counseling & Values, 41(3),194-203.
Mischel, H. N. (1984). From intention to action: The role of rule knowleddge in the development of self-regulation. Human Development, 27, 124-128.
Orbell, S. & Sheeran, P. (2000). Motivational and volitional processes in action initiation: A field study of the role of implementation intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30( 4 ), 780-797.
Skinner, A. E. & Chapman, M. (1984). Control beliefs in an action perspective. Human Development, 27, 129-132.
Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.
Stoltenberg, C. D. (1988). The integrated developmental model of supervision. (Report NO. CG 021380). Atlanta, GA: The 961h Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. 320789).
Williams, E. N., Judge, A. B., Hill, C. E. & Hoffman, M. A. (1997). Experiences of novice therapists in prepracticum: Trainees', Clients', and supervisors' perceptions of therapists' personal reactions and management strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(4), 390-399.
Youniss, J. ( 1984 ). Discussion: single mind and social mind. Human Development, 27, 133-134.
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