200609 20-1 The Psychosocial Transition of a Bereaved Father
| Chun-Chuan Wang |
| National Hualien University of Education |
The aim of this article is to explore the psychosocial transition of a father who lost his daughter during the 1999 Taiwan Earthquake. The transition of this father in terms of his level of trust upon the researcher, impact of grief experiences, and possible growth was the principal focus of this study.
The present study utilized an ethnographical method to derive data from various forms of interaction from the father. Three long conversations, one in-depth tape-recorded interview, seven sessions of therapy, field notes, as well as the verbatim text of the recorded interview, were being used as primary data sources. Three themes then were extracted, including: relationship establishment, the influences of the bereavement, and changes triggered by therapy.
For the first theme, this study explored three possible aspects that facilitated the father's willingness to share his story. For the second theme, the universalities and uniqueness in the father’s grief, as well as the profound impact on the father of the experience of sudden loss were investigated. Regarding the third theme, based on principles deriving from Person-Centered therapy, possible changes after therapy were discussed.
Keywords
bereavement, ethnography, grief therapy, the 1999 Taiwan Earthquake, Person-Centered Approach
Reference
王純娟(編)(2002)。讓我們一起來:九二一災後心理重建演講輯錄。南投縣: 行政院九二一震災災後重建推動委員會。
行政院九二一震災災後重建推動委員會(2000)。九二一大地震重要統計數字。 台灣:行政院九二一震災災後重建推動委員會。
李雅玲、陳月枝(1992)。癌症死亡兒童的母親其哀傷反應及調適行為之研究。 護理新象，2(7)，405-427。
林美珠、田秀蘭譯(2000)。助人技巧-探索、洞察與行動的催化。台北:學富。
林家瑩(1998)。喪失子女的父母失落與悲傷反應及復原歷程之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
范幸玲、卓紋君(2004)。一位受暴婦女的在信念與生命轉換歷程:詮釋學的觀點。中華輔導學報，15，61-96。
黃慧涵(1992)。青年學生對父母過世的哀傷反應、調適行為與家庭關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
葉何賢文(2003)。悲傷調適歷程及生命意義展現之研究-以喪子(女)父母為例。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文。
駱麗華、陳蓉蓉、陳月枝(1981)。悲逝-痛失愛子父母的哀慟過程。國立台灣大學醫學院護理學系成立廿五周年專刊，71-78。
Armour, M. (2003). Meaning making in the aftermath of homicide. Death Studies, 27, 519-540.
Berg, B. L. (2004). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Bohannon, J. R. (1990). Grief responses of spouses following the death of a child: A longitudinal study. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 22(2), 109-121. Bohart, A. C. (1995). If we dance, who leads? Person-Centered Journal, 2(1), 35-37.
Brabant, S., Forsyth, C., & McFarlain, G. (1995). Life after the death of a child: Initial and long term support from others. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 31(1), 67-85.
Charkow, W. B. (1998). Inviting children to grief. Professional School Counseling, 2(2), 117-122.
Cook, A. S. (1995). Ethical issues in bereavement research: An overview. Death Stud- ies, 19, 103-122.
Cook, J. A. (1983). A death in the family: Parental bereavement in the first year. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 13, 42-60.
Corr, C. A. (1998). Enhancing the concept of disenfranchised grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 38(1), 1-20.
Corsini, R. J. (2000). Introduction. In R. J., Corsini, & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (pp. 1-15). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Inc.
Davis, B., Gudmundsdottir, M., Worden, B., Orloff, S., Sumner, L., & Brenner, P. (2004). “Living in the dragon’s shadow” Fathers’ experiences of a child’s life-limiting illness. Death Studies, 28, 111-135.
Farnsworth, E. B., & Allen, K. R. (1996). Marginalized families: Mothers’ bereave- ment experiences of marginalization, stories of change. Family Relations, 45, 360-367.
Freire, E., & Tambara, N. (2000). Client-centered therapy: The challenges of clinical practice. Person-Centered Journal, 7(2), 129-138.
Klass, D. (1988). Parental Grief: Solace and Resolution. NY: Springer Publishing Co. Klass, D. (1993). Solace and immortality: Bereaved parents’ continuing bond with their children. Death Studies, 17, 343-368.
Klass, D. (1996). The deceased child in the psychic and social worlds of bereaved parents during the resolution of grief. In D. Klass, P. R. Silverman, & S. L. Nickman (Eds.), Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (pp. 199-215). PA: Taylor & Francis.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.) (1996). Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief. PA: Taylor & Francis.
LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (2001). Problems of reliability and validity in ethno- graphic research. In A. Bryman (Ed.), Ethnography (Volume 3) (pp. 100-132). London, UK. Sage
Lehman, D., Ellard, J., & Wortman, C. (1986). Social support for the bereaved: Re- cipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 438-446.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Martin, T., & Doka, K. J. (1996). Masculine grief. In K. J. Doka (Ed.), Living with Grief: After Sudden Loss (pp. 161-171). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Murphy, S. A. (1990). Preventive intervention following accidental death of a child. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(3), 174-179.
Murphy, S. A., Gupta, A. D., Cain, K. C., Johnson, L. C., Lohan, J., Wu, L., & Mekwa, J. (1999). Changes in parents’ mental distress after the violent death of an ado- lescent or young adult child: A longitudinal prospective analysis. Death Studies, 23, 129-159.
Neuman, W. L. (1997). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Ap- proaches (3rd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Parkes, C. M. (1986). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (2nd ed.). Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press.
Parkes, C. M. (1995). Guidelines for conducting ethical bereavement research. Death Studies, 19, 171-181.
Parkes, C. M. (1997). Help for the dying and bereaved. In C. M. Parkes, P. Laungani, & B. Young (Eds.), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures (pp. 206-217). London, UK: Routledge.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.). New- bury Park, CA: SAGE.
Rando, T. A. (1986). The unique issues and impact of the death of a child. In T. A. Rando (Ed.), Parental Loss of a Child (pp. 5-43). Champaign IL: Research Press Co.
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personal- ity change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103.
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the Client-Centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology:
A Study of A Science, Vol 3, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context (pp. 184-256). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Rogers, C. R. (1970). Encounter Groups. NY: Harper & Row Publishers.
Rogers, C. R. (1978, 1979/1980). The foundations of a Person-Centered Approach. In
C. R. Rogers, A Way of Being (pp. 113-136). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. [Reprinted from Education (1979, Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 98-107) and Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1978, Vol. 18, pp. 23-26)]
Rosenblatt, P. C. (1993). Grief: The social context of private feelings. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement (pp. 102-111). Cambridge University Press.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (1995). Ethics of qualitative interviewing with grieving families.Death Studies, 19, 139-155.
Rubin, S. S. (1981). A two-track model of bereavement: Theory and application in research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(1), 101-109.
Rubin, S. S. (1992). Adult child loss and the two-track model of bereavement. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 24(3), 183-202.
Rubin, S. S. (1993). The death of a child is forever: The life course impact of child loss. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Be- reavement (pp. 285-299). Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, S. S. (1999). The two-track model of bereavement: Overview, retrospect, and prospect. Death Studies, 23(8), 681-714.
Sanders, C. M. (1993). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement (pp. 255-267). Cambridge University Press.
Schwab, R. (1995). Bereaved parents and support group participation. Omega: Jour- nal of Death and Dying, 32(1), 49-61.
Sharf, R. S. (2004). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Concepts and Cases(3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Shuchter, S. R., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement (pp. 23-43).Cambridge University Press.
Sprang, G., & McNeil, J. (1998). Post-homicide reactions: Grief, mourning and post-traumatic stress disorder following a drunk driving fatality. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 37(1), 41-58.
Stevenson, L. (1987). Seven Theories of Human Nature (2nd Ed.). NY: Oxford University Press.
Stroebe, M. (1992). Coping with bereavement: A review of the grief work hypothesis. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 26(1), 19-42.
Stylianos, S. K., & Vachon, M. L. S. (1993). The role of social support in bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement (pp. 397-410). Cambridge University Press.
Talbot, K. (1997). Mothers now childless: Survival after the death of an only child. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 34(3), 177-189.
Talbot, K. (1999). Mothers now childless: Personal transformation after the death of an only child. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 38(3), 167-186.
Thompson, K. E., & Range, L. M. (1992). Bereavement following suicide and other deaths: Why support attempts fail. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 26(1), 61-70.
Wheeler, I. (1999). The role of linking objects in parental bereavement. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 38(4), 289-296.
Williams, R. A., & Nikolaisen, S. M. (1982). Sudden infant death syndrome: Parents’ perceptions and responses to the loss of their infant. Research in Nursing and Health, 5, 55-61.
Wood, J. D., & Milo, E. (2001). Fathers’ grief when a disabled child dies. Death Studies, 25, 635-661.
Worden, J. W. (2002). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
Download