27-4 The Resilience of Young Adults Experiencing Inter-Parental Marital Violence and Child Maltreatment
Based on the concept of resilience, this study aimed to understand the process through which young adults overcame the adversity of experiencing both parental marital violence and child maltreatment during childhood. Qualitative method and semi-structured guidelines were employed to interview six young adults. Research participants were aged between 22 and 27 years old. They were recruited mainly by advertisements posted in BBS in 2005. Research results indicated that most participants experienced parental marital violence and child maltreatment since early age. Their life stories are presented to show their unique strengths that enabled them to overcome this adversity. Several themes emerged from the research results, including positive self-concept and positive thinking, self-awareness and knowledge how to handle feelings, support from significant others, determination, effort, and the opportunity to leave violent homes. The interaction of these multiple protective systems helped the research participants cope with the dual-violence’s impact and overcome these disadvantaging experiences. The need for interventions addressed at young adults experiencing dual violence during childhood was highlighted in this study.
謝美娥(2008)。離婚女性單親家長復原力的初探。東吳社會工作學報,18,1-33。
顏郁心(2002)。中輟復學生復原力建構歷程之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文,未出版,彰化。 羅文苑(2004)。一位綜合高中學生反敗為勝的求學歷程之研究—探討其間的復原力。國立中正大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
嚴健彰(2003)。出獄人復歸社會更生歷程之研究—從復原力的觀點探討之。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
Appel, A. E., & Holden, G. W. (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical childabuse: A review and appraisal. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(4), 578-599.
Bancroft, L., & Silverman, J. G. (2002). The batterer as parent: Addressing the impact of domestic violence on family dynamics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Barnett, O. W. (2001). Why battered women do not leave, part 2: External inhibiting fac- tors—social support and internal inhibiting factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2(1), 3-35.
Carlson, B. E. (1991). Outcomes of physical abuse and observation of marital violence among adolescents in placement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 526-534.
Edleson, J. L. (1999). The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women, 5(2), 134-154.
Garmezy, N. (1971). Vulnerability research and the issue of primary prevention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41, 101-116.
Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology (pp. 213-233). Oxford, England: Pergamon.
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: Building blocks for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
Grych, J. H., Jouriles, E. N., Swank, P. R., McDonald, R., & Norwood, W. D. (2000). Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 84-94.
Gutman, L. M. (2008). Risk and resilience. In M. M. Haith and J. B. Benson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (pp. 23-34). Oxford: Academic .
Heller, S. S., Larrieu, J. A., D’Imperio, R., & Boris, N. W. (1999). Research on resilience to child maltreatment: Empirical considerations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(4), 321-338.
Henning, K., Leitenberg, H., Coffey, P., Bennett, T., & Jankowski, M. K. (1997). Long-term psychological adjustment to witnessing interparental physical conflict during childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(6), 501-515.
Herrenkohl, E. C, Herrenkohl, R. C., & Egolf, B. (1994). Resilient early school-age children from maltreating homes: Outcomes in late adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(2), 301-309.
Holden, G. W. (2003). Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: Terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 151-160.
Hughes, H. M. (1988). Psychological and behavioral correlates of family violence in child witness and victims. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 77-90.
Hughes, M. H., & Luke, D. A. (1998). Heterogeneity in adjustment among children of bat- tered women. In G. W. Holden, R. Geffner, & E. N. Jouriles (Eds.), Children exposed to marital violence (pp. 185-221). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hughes, H. M., Parkinson, D., & Vargo, M. (1989). Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A “double whammy” ? Journal of Family Violence, 4, 197-203.
Lehmann, P., & Rabenstein, S. (2002). Children exposed to domestic violence: The role of impact, assessment, and treatment. In A. R. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of domestic vio- lence intervention strategies: Policies, programs, and legal remedies (pp. 343-364). New York, NY: Oxford University.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness. In Y. S. Lincoln & E. G. Guba (Eds.), Naturalistic inquiry (pp.289-331). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 17(3), 543-562.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444.
Miller, E. D. (2003). Reconceptualizing the role of resiliency in coping and therapy. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 8, 239-246.
Mills, L. G. (2003). Insult to injury: Rethinking our responses to intimate abuse. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
Mrazek, P. J., & Mrazek, D. A. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 357-366.
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2009). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
O’Keefe, M. (1996). The differential effects of family violence on adolescent adjustment. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13, 51-68.
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention in psychopathology: Social competence in children (pp. 49-74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp.181-214). New York: Cambridge University.
Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 626-631.
Rutter, M. (1995). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience and recovery. South African Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 75-88.
Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp.651-682). New York: Cambridge University.
Shen, A. C. T. (2009a). Long-term effects of interparental violence and child physical maltreatment experiences on PTSD and behavior problems: A national survey of Taiwanese college students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(3), 148-160.
Shen, A. C. T. (2009b). Self-esteem of young adults experiencing inter-parental violence and child physical maltreatment: Family and peer relationships as mediators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(5), 770-794.
Silvern, L., Karyl, J., Waelde, L., Hodges, W. F., Starek, J., Heidt, E., & Min, K. (1995). Retrospective reports of parental partner abuse: Relationships to depression, trauma symptoms, and self-esteem among college students. Journal of Family Violence, 10, 177-202.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.
Tiêt, Q. Q., & Huizinga, D. (2002). Dimensions of the construct of resilience and adapta- tion among inner-city youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17, 260-276.
Werner, E. E. (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 115-132). New York: Cambridge University.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Reitzel, D., & Gough, R. (1995). Strategies to address violence in the lives of high-risk youth. In E. Peled, P. G. Jaffe, & J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Ending the cycle of violence: Community responses to children of battered women. CA: Sage.