25-8 Phenomenological Methodology as an Existential Move
This article aims at examining phenomenological method as an alternative methodology for psychological study. Considering the phenomenological method from the researcher’s point of view, this article argues that phenomenological methodology is an existential move. We discuss Husserl’s phenomenology as well as Giorgi’s empirical methodology. We also propose that phenomenological method that uses descriptions of experiences as its target of analysis, is not only conducting the reduction and description of experienced objects, but also disclosing the situational structure of existential contexts. The steps of carrying out phenomenological analysis are presented and modified, with the help of an example from learning experience. This article aims to go beyond reviewing existing papers and proposing a new existential horizon, and to enhance our own understanding of research action. The issues concerning the criteria of phenomenological analysis are also discussed.
Reference 丁興祥、王勇智、李文玫、張慈宜、曾寶瑩譯(2006)。質性心理學—研究方法的實務指南。台北:遠流。Smith, J. A. (2003). Qualitative psychology.
汪文聖(2001)。現象學方法與理論之反思:一個質性方法之介紹。應用心理研究,12,49-76。
李維倫(2004)。以「置身所在」做為心理學研究的目標現象及其相關之方法論。應用心理研究,22,157-200。
李維倫譯(2004)。現象學十四講。台北:心靈工坊。Sokolowski, R. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology.
余德慧、李維倫、林耀盛、余安邦、陳淑惠、許敏桃、謝碧玲、石世明(2004)。倫理療癒作為建構臨床心理學本土化的起點。本土心理學研究,22,253-325。
游淙祺(2006)。現象學心理學與超驗現象學:從胡塞爾的脈絡來看。應用心理研究,29,35-52。
蔡錚雲(2004)。現象學心理學的理論與應用:超越(實徵)、詮釋與系譜。現象學與人文科學,1,51-84。
蔡錚雲(2006a)。現象學心理學的理論與應用(第二部分):實徵與詮釋兩種應用模式系譜上的對照。應用心理研究,29,53-70。
蔡錚雲(2006b)。情境倫理、現象學心理學與質性研究。哲學與文化,33(2),51-65。
Bloor, M. (1997). Techniques of validation in qualitative research: A critical commentary. In G. Miller & R. Dingwall (Eds.), Context and method in qualitative research (pp. 37-50). London: Sage.
Churchill, S. D., Lowery, J. E., McNally, O., & Rao, A. (1998). The question of reliability in interpretive psychological research: A comparison of three phenomenologically based protocol. In R. Valle (Ed.), Phenomenological inquiry in psychology: Existential and transpersonal dimensions (pp. 63-85). New York: Plenum Press.
Colaizzi, P. F. (1973). Reflection and research in psychology: A phenomenological study of learning. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp.48-71). New York: Oxford University Press.
Fischer, W. F. (1974). On the phenomenological mode of researching “being anxious”. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 4(2), 405-423.
Gergen, M. M., & Gergen, K. J. (2000). Qualitative inquiry: Tensions and transformations. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1025-1046). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Giorgi, A. (1985). Sketch of a psychological phenomenological method. In A. Giorgi (Ed.), Phenomenology and psychological research (pp. 8-22). Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Giorgi, A. (1989a). One type of descriptive data: Procedures involved in following a scientific phenomenological method. Methods, 1(3), 39-61.
Giorgi, A. (1989b). Some theoretical and practical issues regarding the psychological phenomenological method. Saybrook Review, 7, 71-85.
Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235-260.
Giorgi, A. (1999). A phenomenological perspective on some phenomenographic results on learning. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 30(2), 68-93.
Giorgi, A. (2000). The similarities and differences between descriptive and interpretative methods in scientific phenomenological psychology. In B. Gupta (Ed.), The empirical and the transcendental: A fusion of horizons (pp. 61-75). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row. (Original work published 1962)
Heidegger, M. (1977). Building, dwelling, thinking. In D. F. Krell (Ed.), Basic writings (pp. 323-339). New York: Harper and Row.
Hein, S. F., & Austin, W. J. (2001). Empirical and hermeneutic approaches to phenomenological research in psychology: A comparison. Psychological Methods, 6(1), 3-17. Karlsson, G. (1995). Psychological qualitative research from a phenomenological perspective. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Lee, W. L. (1999). People of Taiwanese descent living in America: Constructing ethnic self-understanding. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Denzin, N. K. (2000). The seventh moment: Out of the past. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1047-1065). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McLeod, J. (2001). Qualitative research in counselling and psychotherapy. London: Sage. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1964). Phenomenology and the sciences of man. In J. M. Edie (Ed.),The primacy of perception (pp. 43-95). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. London: International Education and Professional Publisher.
Packer, M. J., & Addison, R. B. (Eds.). (1989). Entering the circle: Hermeneutic investigation in psychology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1991). From text to action (K. Blamey, Trans.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. (Original work published 1986)
Sallis, J. (1992). Spacing imagination: Husserl and the phenomenology of imagination. In P. J. M. van Trongeren, P. L. M. Sars, C. J. G. Bremmers, & K. J. L. Boey (Eds.), Eros and Eris (pp. 201-215). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smith, J. K., & Deemer, D. K. (2000). The problem of criteria in the age of relativism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 877-896). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Spiegelberg, H. (1975). Doing phenomenology. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Spiegelberg, H. (1986). Putting ourselves into the place of others: Towards a phenomenology of imaginary self-transposal. In H. Spiegelberg (Ed.), Steppingstones toward an ethics for fellow existers (pp. 99-104). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
van Kaam, A. (1966). Existential foundations of psychology. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
von Eckartsberg, R. (1998). Existential-phenomenological research. In R. Valle (Ed.),
Phenomenological inquiry in psychology: Existential and transpersonal dimensions (pp. 21-61). New York: Plenum Press.
Wertz, F. J. (1985). Method and findings in a phenomenological psychological study of a complex life-event: Being criminally victimized. In A. Giorgi (Ed.), Phenomenology and psychological research (pp. 155-216). Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks : Sage.