8-4 The Relationship Between Triangle Operation in Parental Quarrels and Behavior Problems Among Children of Elementary School
The purpose of the research is to explore the relationship between the level of triangle operation in parental quarrels and children' behavior problems. 526 children completed the Triangle Operation in Parental Quarrels Scale and the Children Behavior Checklist ( CBCL). The results of this research were as following: 1.Among the three dimension of triangle, boys only scored higher than girls in the dimension of scapegoating. Among the three dimensions of behavior problems, boys scored higher than girls in the dimension of externalizing behaviors and total behaviors. 2.Among the three dimensions of triangle, the youngest in the family birth order scored higher than the oldest in the dimension of cross-generational coalition. There is no significant main effect of the birth order on behavior problems. 3.The scapegoating is positively correlated with behavior problems. The parentification is negatively correlated with behavior problems. However, there is no significantly positive correlation between cross-generational coalitation and behavior problems. 4.The girls’ internalizing, externalizing and total behavior scores can be e旺的tively predicted by scapegoating and parentification. The boys ’ externalizing and total behavior scores can be effectively predicted by scapegoating and parentification. The boys internalizing behaviors can be effectively predicted by parentification. However, scapegoating and parentification predict opposite way. Higher scapegoating has more behavior problems. Higher parentification has less behavior problems.
The results are discussed, and suggestions were marked for the future research and professional counselors.
The results are discussed, and suggestions were marked for the future research and professional counselors.
Keywords
family systems theory 、children ’s behavior problems 、 triangle 、scapegoating 、cross-generational coalitation 、 parentification
Reference
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O'sborne, L. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1996). Marital conflict, parent-child relationships, and child adjustment: Does gender matter? Journal of Merrill-Palmer Ouarterly.42 (1), 48-75.
Pate, J. L. (1986). Aspects of the marital relationship of parents associated with ego development of adolescent offspring (identity, conflict, coalitions, scapegoating, family environment). Dissertational Abstracts International. A 47(4), p. 1254. (University Microfilms No. AAC 8605196)
Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986). Marital Disruption, Parent-Child Relationships, and Behavior Problem in Children. Journal of Marria!!e and the Family. 48. 295-307.
Pola, L. E. ( 1993). Parentification level as predictor of self esteem and academic achievement in hispanic children. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 54 (3), p. 1695. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9317246)
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Teyber, E. (1983). Effects of the parental coalition on adolescent emancipation from the family. Journal of marital and family therapy. 9 (3), 305-310.
Vogel, E. F., & Bell, N. W. (1968). The emotionally disturbed child as the family scapegoat. In N. W. Bell, & E. F. Vogel (eds.), A modem introduction to the family（pp.412-427). New York: The Free Press.
West, J. D， Zarski, J. J., & Harvill, R. (1986). The influence of the family triangle on intimacy. Journal of American Mental Health Counselors Association. 8(3), 166-174.
Wilson, R. J ., & Rohrbaugh， M. (1985). Family triangles and colle&e student adiustment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. (ERIC Document Reprodcution Service, No. ED 262360).
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Bray, J . H., Williamson, D. S., & Malone, P. E. (1984). Personal authority in the family system: Development of a questionnaire to measure personal authority in intergenerational family process. Journal of Marital and Family. Therapy. 10. 167-178.
Brotherton, W. D. (1989). The Assessment of Parental Trianimlation of Child. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1984). Being Adolescent: conflict and growth in the teena!!e vears. New York: Basic Books.
Cummings, E. M., Ballard, M., El-Sheikh, M., & Lake, M. (1991). Resolution and children's responses to interadult anger. Develonmental Psychology. 27(3), 462-470.
Cummings, E. M., Vogel, D, Cummings, J. S., & El-Sheikh, M. (1989). Children's responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults. Child Development. 60. 1392-1404.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin. 116 (3), 387-411.
Dwyer, T. J. (1993). The relationship of childhood parentification and adult panic disorder (agoraphobia). Dissertation Abstracts International. B 53 (10), p. 5443. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9235345).
Emery， R. E. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of disorder and divorce. Psychological Bulletin. 92. 2, 310-330.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 111 (1), 108-132.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and societv (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Fauber, R. , Forehand, R., Thomas, A. M., & Wierson, M. (1990). A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Development. 61. 1112-1123.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theorv and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (1996). Family Therapy: An overview (4th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Gracer, A. D. (1993). Parentification, narcissistic vulnerability, empathy, and the choice of a helping profession. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 53 (09), p. 4994. (University Microfilms No. AAC9300123).
Grych, J. H，＆ Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin. 108 (2), 267-290.
Grych, J. H， Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development. 63. 558-572.
Guerin, P. H， Fay, L. F., Burden, S. L., & Gilbertkautto, J. (1987). The evaluation and treatment of marital conflict: A four-sta12:e aooroach. New York: Basic Books Publishers.
Held, B. S., & Bellow, D. C. (1983). A family systems approach to crisis reactions in college student. Journal of marital and Family therall):'.. 9 (4), 365-373.
Jenkins, J. M., Smith, M. A., & Graham, P.J. (1989). Coping with parental quaπels . Journal of the American Academv of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 28 (2), 182-189.
Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1991). Marital disharmony and children’s behavior problems: Aspects of a poor marriage that affect children adversely. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatrv. 32 (5), 793-810.
Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I., & Surrey， J. L. (1991）.Women's growth in connection: Writing from stone center. New York: The Guildford Press.
Kerr， M. E，＆ Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation. N.Y.: Norton & Company.
Kirshner, L. A. (1992) . The absence of the father. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic association. 40 (4 ), 1117-1138.
London, J. A. (1990). Parental marital status and parentification: A study of childhood family environment and intimacy in young adulthood. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 50 (10), p. 4776. (University Microfilms No. AAC8923509)
Lungen, B. (1994). The relationship between the perception of cross-generational coalitions and adolescent adjustment in stepfamilies compared to nuclear families. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 54 (8), p. 4397. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9401955)
Martin, M. T. (1996). Mother-daughter relations in divorced families: Parentification and internalizing and relationship problems. Dissertational Abstracts International. B 56 (9), p. 5176. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9600428)
McKenna, Z. (1996). A causal model of family influence: The effects of family structure， birth order, family satisfaction, and parentification. Dissertational Abstracts International. B 56 (11), p. 6466. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9608001)
Miller, P. M., Danah缸， D. 仁，＆ Forbes, D. (1986). Sex-related strategies for coping with interpersonal conflict in children aged five and seven. Developmental Psychology. 22 (4), 543-548.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Family and Family Therauv. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.
O'sborne, L. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1996). Marital conflict, parent-child relationships, and child adjustment: Does gender matter? Journal of Merrill-Palmer Ouarterly.42 (1), 48-75.
Pate, J. L. (1986). Aspects of the marital relationship of parents associated with ego development of adolescent offspring (identity, conflict, coalitions, scapegoating, family environment). Dissertational Abstracts International. A 47(4), p. 1254. (University Microfilms No. AAC 8605196)
Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986). Marital Disruption, Parent-Child Relationships, and Behavior Problem in Children. Journal of Marria!!e and the Family. 48. 295-307.
Pola, L. E. ( 1993). Parentification level as predictor of self esteem and academic achievement in hispanic children. Dissertation Abstracts International. B 54 (3), p. 1695. (University Microfilms No. AAC 9317246)
Richie， C. (1986). The measurement of triangulation: The development of a questionnaire for adolescent respondents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama.
Ruble, D. N，＆ Martin, C.L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon (eds.) Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley.
Teyber, E. (1983). Effects of the parental coalition on adolescent emancipation from the family. Journal of marital and family therapy. 9 (3), 305-310.
Vogel, E. F., & Bell, N. W. (1968). The emotionally disturbed child as the family scapegoat. In N. W. Bell, & E. F. Vogel (eds.), A modem introduction to the family（pp.412-427). New York: The Free Press.
West, J. D， Zarski, J. J., & Harvill, R. (1986). The influence of the family triangle on intimacy. Journal of American Mental Health Counselors Association. 8(3), 166-174.
Wilson, R. J ., & Rohrbaugh， M. (1985). Family triangles and colle&e student adiustment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. (ERIC Document Reprodcution Service, No. ED 262360).
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