4-1 A Study on Undergraduate Student’s Interpersonal Conflict and Its Related Variables
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of anger trait, anger intensity, self monitoring and sex on the copying behavior when the undergraduate student’s anger is extremely triggered via conflict from their intimate friends. The short- term and long- term positive or negative effects as well as different feelings resulting from the different copying behaviors are also studies. The investigation was performed on 1364 undergraduate students and focused on the three evaluations: anger situational scale, anger trait, and self-monitoring scales. The
outcomes are briefly described as follows: 1.The student with high anger trait is easier to exhibit the anger-out and anger-in copying
behavior, while the low anger trait student like to exhibit the anger-control copying
behavior. 2.The student with high anger intensity is easier to follow the anger- out and anger-in
copying behavior, while the low anger intensity student like to follow the anger control
copying behavior. 3. The student with high self” monitoring has higher scores both in anger-control and
anger-out than the low self-monitoring one. However, there is no clear interaction between the self-monitoring and the publication of the situation. 4.The male student has higher score in anger-out and lower score inanger-in than the female one. 5.Findings indicated a significant interaction between subject gender and target person gender in expressing anger, both male and female areeasier to follow anger-control copying behavior when his or her anger is triggered by different sex. Nevertheless, female student has a tendency to be anger-in when her anger is triggered by the same sex, while male student is easier to be anger-out when triggered by the other males.
6. Student with anger-control copying behavior has a tendency to feel
fear, and comfort after the event, and not feel regret or with more furies. The one with
anger-out copying behavior is easier to feel delighted, regret, and more angry. The one
with anger-in copying behavior has strongest feeling of mistreats, furies, and depression.
7. The effect of short term and long term of anger-control group is better than the group with anger-out or anger-in copying behavior.
Reference 方紫薇(民 82 )國中教師氣憤情緒相關因素分析暨氣憤情緒管理策略成效之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
李瑞玲(民 82 )以生物-心理-社會模式探討生氣歷程對血壓心理生理機制之影響。國立台灣大學心理研究所博士論文。
林以正(民 74 )人際關係、自我檢校、合作競爭與酬賞分配之研究。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
段亞新(民 74 )大學生對生活事件的認知歷程及其身心適應。台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
孫瑜雯(民 81 )大學生溝通策略與溝通滿意之相關因素研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
Andersen, C.L. (1985). Treatment of anger: A review of the of the current literature. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Biola Univer- sity.
Averill, J.R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Averill, J.R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression. American Psychologist, 38, 1145-1160.
Baker Miller J. (1983). Women and Power. Work in Progress No.82-01. Stone center for Developmental service & Studies, Wellesley college, Wellesley, Mass.
Biaggio, M.K. (1980). Assessment of anger arousal. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44(3), 289-298.
Biaggio, M. K. (1989). Sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger. Psychological Reports, 64(1), 23-26.
Boxter, L.A. (1984). An investigation of compliance-gaining as politeness. Human Communication Research, 10, 427-456.
Blier, M.J., & Blier-Wilson, L. A.(1989). Gender differences in self-rated emotional expressiveness. Sex Roles, 21, 287 - 295.
Breidenbach, D.C. (1984). Behavioral skill training for students: A preventive program. Social Work in Education, 6(4), 231-240.
Buss, D.M. (1989). Conflict between the sexes strategic interference and the evocation of anger and upset. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 735-747.
Buvinic, M. (1975). Sex differences in the aggressive consequences of expressing feelings or opinions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Clarke, D.D. (1986). The heart of the mind: A speculation on the fundamentals of human psychology. In L. Van Langenhove, J.M. de Waele & R. Harre (Eds.), Individual persons and their actions. Brussels: Free University of Brussels Press.
Cody, M.J., Woelfel, M.L., & Jordan, W.J. (1983). Dimensions of compliance gaining situations. Human Communication Research, 9, 2, 99- 113.
Danesh, H.B. (1977). Anger and fear. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134 (10), 1109-1112.
Deffenbacher, J.L., Demm, P.A., & Brandon, A.D. (1986). High general anger: correlates and treatment. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 24, 481-489.
Egerton, M. (1988). Passionate woman and passionate men: Sex differences in accounting for angry and weeping episodes. Special Issue: The social context of emotion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27 (1), 51-66.
Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton. Fiedler, K., & Semin, G.R. (1988). On the causal information conveyed by different interpersonal verbs. The role of implicit sentence context. Social Cognition.
Fischer, P. C. Smith R. J., Leonard, E., Fuqua, D.R., Compbell, J. L., Masters, M.A. (1993). Sex differences on affective dimensions: Continuing examination. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 440-443.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. & Winke, J. (1979). You always hurt the one you love. Strategies and tactics in interpersonal conflict. Communication Quarterly, 27, 3-11.
Greenglass, E.R., Julkunen, J. (1989). Construct validity and sex differences in Cook-Medley Hostility. Personality and Individual Differences, 10 (2), 209-218.
Hackett, G., Zander, T., Esposito, D., Lucas, E., & Smith. (1985). Gender differences in personal reactions to and perceptions of the appropriateness of assertive and aggressive behavior, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Haynes S.G., and Feinleib M. (1982). Woman, work and coronary heart disease; results from the Framingham 10-year follow up study. In Women: A Developmental Perspective (Edited by Berman P. and Ramsey E.), Publication No. 82 ~ 2298. NIH, Bethesda, md.
Hazaleus, S.L., and Deffenbacher, J.L. (1986). Relaxation, and cognitive treatment of anger. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 222-226.
Hoili, C. (1985). Behavioral-analysis Assessment of Anger: A Validation Study doctoral dissertation.
Huey, W.C., and Rank, R.C. (1984). Effects of counselor and peer-led group assertive training on black adolescent aggression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(1), 95-98.
Jacobs, G.A., Phelps, M. & Rohrs, B. (1989). Assessment of anger expression in Children: the pediatric anger expression scale. Personality and Individual Difference, 10, 59-65.
Kahneman, D., and Mill, D.T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
Kopper, B.A. and Epperson, D.L. (1991). Woman and anger: Sex and sex role comparisins in the expression of anger. Psychology of Woman Quarterly, 15, 7-14.
Lerner, H. (1985). The dance of anger. New York: Harper and Row. Lochman, J.E. (1984). Psychological characteristic and assessment of aggressive adolescent. In C.R. Keith (Ed.), The Aggressive Adolescent: Clinical Perspectives. New York: The Free Press.
Lopez, F.G., and Thurman, C.W. (1986). A cognitive-behavioral investigation of anger among college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(2), 245-256.
McHolland, J.D. (1985). Strategies for dealing with resistant adolescents. Adolescence, 20(78), 349-368.
Muller, -Matthias -M. (1991). The stability of anger across age and sex in German cohorts born between 1930 and 1972. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(5) 417-425.
Rhoda,B,& Suzanne, S. (1986). Episodes of anger on Prime Time Television: A content analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the world association for infant psychiatry and allied disciplines.
Ross, R.S. (1987). The measurement and functions of anger expression. Doctoral Dissertation.
Shaver,P, Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Conner, G, (1987). Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
Shields, S.A. (1987). Woman, men, and the dilemma of emotion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 229-250.
Smith, K. C., Ulch, S. E. , Cameron, J.E, Cumberland, J .A, Musgrave , M.A., and Tremblay, N. (1989). Gender-related effects in the perception of anger expression. Sex Roles, 20, (9-10), 487-499.
Snyder (1983). The self in action. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association.
Sparks, A.D., Thornburg, K.此, Ispa, J.M., & Gray, M.M. (1984). Proso- cial behaviors of young children related to parental childrearing atti-tudes. Early child Development and Care, 15(4), 291-297.
Spielberger, C.D., Jacobs, G.A., Russell,忌,& Crane, R.S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The State-Trait Anger Scale, In J. N. Butcher,& C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in Personality Assessment (pp. 161-189) Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlburm.
Spielberger, C.D., Johnson, E.M., Russell, S.孔, Crane, R.J., Jacobs, G.A., & Worden, T.J. (1985), The experience and expression of anger : construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M.A. Chesney & R.H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovasculor and behavioral disorders (pp. 5-30) Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
Spielberger, C.D. (1986). The Anger Expression (Ax) Scale. Tampa, FL: Center for Reserch in Community Psychology.
Spielberger, C.D. (1988). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory: Research edition professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Stearns, C.Z. & Stearns, P.N. (1986). Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America’s History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stoner, S.B,& Spencer, B. (1986). Age and sex differences on the State- Trait Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 59, 1315-1319.
Tavris, C. ( 1989 ) . Anger the misunderstand emotion. New York : Simon& Schuster.
Thomas, S.P., & Williams, R.L. (1990). Relationships among perceived stress, trait anger, modes of anger expression and health status of college men and women. paper presented at the annual society of behavioral medicine scientific sessions.
Turner, T.J. (1987). The role of standards of reference in the experience of anger. Ph.D Thesis.